The Clown Doll: An Urban Legend Essay -- Urban Legends

The Clown Doll: A Urban Legend At the point when my companions and I were more youthful, we wanted to reveal to one another alarming stories late around evening time at sleepovers. This memory restored this past February as three companions and I traded stories late one night while out traveling in New Jersey. The entirety of the tales were engaging, however this purportedly â€Å"true† urban legend stayed in my psyche long after different records. â€Å"The Clown Doll† was told by a twenty-year old, Christian female University science major. She was brought up in Pittsburg, PA, which is the place she heard the story and where the story itself is set. When she had the entirety of our total consideration, she started the legend as follows: Indeed, back in secondary school, perhaps the closest companion disclosed to me this story. It’s genuine on the grounds that it transpired of her dear companions that went to an alternate secondary school in my old neighborhood. This really occurred. This young lady consistently kept an eye on this specific family in a decent, medium measured rural neighborhood. The family had two children; the young lady was six and the kid was eight. They lived in a pleasant, two story house. Be that as it may, there was something strange about the family. They cherished dolls. They had an enormous assortment of dolls. Sort of peculiar, yet you know. Thus they had dolls shown in cases and dolls sitting out. One night, the guardians go out to an evening gathering, and this young lady comes to keep an eye on youngsters. She deals with the children, takes care of them supper, plays with them, and afterward takes care of them upstairs. From that point onward, she returns first floor and sits on the lounge chair in the parlor to begin sitting in front of the TV. Be that as it may, the entire doll thing is truly crawling her out. She just doesn’t like the manner in which they are staying there and appear to be taking a gander at her. However, th... ...y recommendation. Individuals need to have the option to have a sense of security in the solace of their own homes, and have the option to ensure their own families. Tellers of the Clown Doll story looks to ingrain chills in their crowds by interfering with this admired vision of security. Another dread that is made apparent in this story is the anxiety and fear that goes with considerations of the untouchable. The Clown Doll shows our society’s dread of things or individuals that are extraordinary, for example, little individuals or the intellectually or genuinely disabled. Those with psychological sickness are obscure, no-no, and terrifying to our general public. There are numerous instances of intellectually sick individuals being the focal point of motion pictures about sequential executioners or stories where we â€Å"normal† individuals can't control the activities of those with psychological instabilities. Individuals beset with these sicknesses are ordinarily avoided ordinary society

Roman Portraits essays

Roman Portraits expositions Since forever lady have in particular assumed jobs as the mother and guardian of the family and were not esteemed as significant figures in the public arena that permitted them an option to talk or to be heard. The most eminent manner by which an individual can view and attempt to comprehend the job of ladies and how they were seen in their general public is by watching and contemplating the craftsmanship in a specific culture. From delineations of ladies in works of art, pictures, and figures, they give a methods for interpreting the sentiments of every general public and how much ladies were respected and accepted what position they had a place in their general public. The general public that invested wholeheartedly in the expressive delineation of ladies were the Romans. I accept the instances of this can be found in these three depictions; the antiquated Roman fresco representation of Terentius Neo and his significant other, marble picture bust of Livia-spouse of Augustus, and th e representation bust of the youthful Flavian lady. From these three depictions, I will attempt to show how the ladies in this general public were seen by portraying in detail the qualities of each piece. The divider painting of the couple can be considered as a representation in light of various reasons: the character depiction of the two subjects, the conceivable situation of the image on the divider to be noticeable to anyone going through the lobby, and the shape and size of the casing which looks like a wooden board around the picture. The spouse is delineated holding a look against his jaw, while she has her pointer and diptych open, as though in the demonstration of polishing off a sonnet or short story. The high cheekbones, full lips, enormous dim eyes, and obscured appearance could be run of the mill of guys in their general public. Besides, the womans wavy hair, studs and likely costly red shroud can't hide her apparently humiliation at modeling for so long encompassed by new spectators. Taking a gander at the artistic creation I get the inclination that the ... <!

Logistics and Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Its a bit long so I explained it in order instructions Essay

Its somewhat long so I clarified it all together guidelines - Essay Example As is the situation with the article, â€Å"Are Human Rights Universal?† by Shashi Tharoor. The principal complaint has its foundations in the philosophical grounds, which asserts that the world has been possessed by various societies since the days of yore and it generally has been the situation that the qualities and the privileges of a specific culture have been in pertinence to the way of life in which they exist; thus to just standard out the basic suspicion of culture and force widespread sanction of human rights would be a viable disaster. In addition, in a large number of the spots other than the west, individuals are not commonly conceded similar sorts of rights †the explanation being the social contrasts, for instance, as referenced by the creator, the Confucian or the Vedic conventions where they believe obligations to be a higher priority than the rights; or the African social orders, so far as that is concerned, where they regard the gathering rights have an inclination over the individual rights and the choices are made likewise. Other than this, the creator expresses that in huge numbers of the creating nations, certain rights which are underestimated in the west are just not appropriate for the social orders of the current underdeveloped nations, giving the case of paid excursions. The article recommends that the creating nations probably won't have the option to bear the cost of such rights as they do not have the essential created foundation for the satisfactory western standard of life, especially in view of the absence of the monetary turn of events. Another complaint against the origination of all inclusive human rights has strict establishments, where the pundits of this domain contend that except if a specific thought is established upon the estimations of God, it can't be widespread, thus for them the general human rights motivation has no such nuts and bolts. Other than the expressed restrictions against the all inclusiveness of the human rights, a few pundits likewise give another fascinating understanding. As indicated by them, the possibility of

How to Save Money as a Broke College Student

How to Save Money as a Broke College Student How to Save Money as a Broke College Student How to Save Money as a Broke College StudentYou can only eat so much instant ramen before you turn a blob of salt. Here are some ways that college students can stretch their budgets even further!Back to school time means a whole new class of freshman starting college for the first time. And while that’s an exciting time in anyone’s life, it can also be one of the most expensive times in your life. Not only do  college costs continue to rise, and many students have never had to handle their own budget before. So even when college students  think  theyre spending wisely, their parents might beg to differ.Its all too easy for budgeting newbies like college students to spend way beyond their means, which could end up hurting their credit scores for years to come. These students could even end up needing to take out a payday loan or a cash advance because theyve blown through all their money!If only there was a blog post that could help college students save money. Well good news, the re is! And it’s this one. This is your assigned reading material for Student Savings 101! Rent out your textbooks.College textbooks prove that knowledge is one of the most valuable commodities in the world. Or at least it better be, considering how much your school is charging for them.The only reason a pound of college books isn’t worth more than a pound of gold is that the smallest college book is ten pounds, minimum. And they make you buy a new one each year, even if the updated edition barely changed anything. There has to be a better way!“Rent your books,” advised Chris Tuck, a financial planner with SJK Wealth Management (@SJKWealthManage). “This was not an option years ago and the game was to sell your books back to the library for pennies. Now companies like Amazon and Barnes and Noble let you rent a textbook for the semester. It may save you hundreds, and I promise you will not be opening your Calculus II book ever again, no need to purchase it for life.”Certifi ed financial planner Luis F. Rosa (@luis_f_rosa) echoed that tip: “One way for a broke college student to save money is to rent their textbooks instead of buying them. Both Amazon and Barnes and Noble offer this option, so you can get access to your textbooks at a fraction of what it would cost to purchase them.”But you need more than just books at college. Unless you plan to eat your books, which would not be cost effective.Cut down on takeout and fancy beer.Let’s be realistic: even if your school has a cafeteria, you’re probably going to get bored of the options they offer within a few weeks and start looking for other food sources. And things can get expensive if you aren’t careful about what those other food sources are.“Purchase food from your local grocery store instead of ordering takeout,” suggested digital brand strategist Shadé Y. Adu (@futuredrshade). “The cost of ordering pizza and snacks adds up quickly. Find a local grocery store that delivers and cook . Have a potluck and enjoy food with your peers together.”But it’s not just what you eat. You have to be careful how many dollars you’re drinking.“Kick the expensive coffee habit,” recommended Tuck. “College students drink a lot of coffee and those expensive lattes add up quickly. An easy way to save is to have a coffee maker in your dorm room.Save even more by finding a deal online for a free coffee maker with the purchase of a couple bags of coffee beans. They may even throw in a free mug. I still have my free blue Gevalia mug from Freshman year.You might have to learn how to run an old-school coffee pot with a filterâ€"not as easy as a single cup podâ€"but a lot cheaper and your friends will think ‘you’re so retro.’”And if you’re of age, Tuck also suggests: “Cheap Beer. It’s an acquired taste, but acquiring it is so much fun. I went to school in New York where a cocktail can run you over $10. You have the rest of your life to enjoy nice wine and scotch. Take these four years (five if this is your favorite tip) to enjoy the cheap stuff.”Use student discounts and card rewards.  Can you major in savings? Well, it wouldn’t hurt to pick up some knowledge in that area, regardless. Thankfully, you may already have a card in your pocket that will save you money.“Search for student discounts,” Tuck told us. “Whether online shopping or around campus, there are plenty of retailers offering a discount with your student ID. I used this personally until about 27 years old when the local movie theater realized I was going on a decade as a student.You can get discounts at Apple, your Amazon Prime subscription, sites like UNiDAYS and pretty much everywhere else. You won’t get these deals again until 50 and you get an AARP card, so take advantage.”But that isn’t the only card that can lead to potential savings.“Look for cash back debit cards for regular purchases,” suggested Adu. “Make your money work for you. If you have to pa y for food or toiletries, use a debit card that provides you with opportunities to make some of your money back. Transfer your cash back into a savings account.”And then there’s the most effective saving method of all …Earn extra money.What if instead of just saving money, you made money? That’s like double the savings! College jobs have been around for a long time, but now you can use technology to better work around your classes.For example, here’s what Business Marketing major Miranda Warner told us:“When I am home in Seattle, especially during long breaks such as summer and winter break, I always try to take in the most dogs that I can through Rover.com (@RoverDotCom).“As a college student, I am constantly in need of money. Whether it is for food, books, or apparel for different sorority eventsâ€"it seems that money is always a struggle. Yet with my earnings from Rover, I have had the ability to secure myself and save up my money, so that during the year finances a re not much of an issue.“During the summer I also take online classes to get ahead in my Business Marketing major, which makes being a Rover Dog Sitter the perfect job for me. Dogs are my absolute passion, and I love everything about them.Working with Rover provides the opportunity to make money, all while being able to work on my education at the same time. For a dog-obsessed college student, this is absolute heaven for me to be able to do this job!”Not into dogs? Just search online about what you do like (or could at least tolerate) and there are probably options for you!College can be fun and expensive. Just make sure you dont end up with no money in savings, relying on no credit check loans like payday or title loans just to make ends meet. (Any bad credit loan, even a relatively affordable installment loan, probably isnt a great idea if youre a full-time student.) Use these tips and hopefully you can raise your ratio of the former to the latter.To learn more about saving mo ney (or earning a little extra) check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterNeed Cash Fast? Try These 10 Great Side Hustles4 Simple Ways to Save Money on Your Grocery Billâ€"While Still Eating Healthy!How do you  save money as a broke college student? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedINContributorsShadé Y. Adu  (@futuredrshade)  is  a digital brand strategist. Shadé helps women entrepreneurs use the power of social media and live streaming to brand, build, and monetize digital programs, products, and services. Shadé has been featured in Hello Beautiful, Black Enterprise, The Network Journal, and the Rachel Ray Show. Shadé has spoken at and facilitated numerous workshops in Kazakhstan, Ghana, and universities, high schools, and institutions throughout the United States.Luis F. Rosa (@luis_f_rosa) focuses on working with young up and coming professionals who are looking to better position themselves for a successful financial future. Luis is a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER and is enrolled to practice before the IRS. This diverse industry knowledge allows him to best serve his clients by understanding how one financial decision affects the other, allowing him to better guide them toward achieving their goals.Chris Tuck  is a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER Professional. He has a passion for creative problem-solving and works with a wide breadth of clients, specializing in designing custom financial plans to help clients work towards their goals. Chris received his Bachelor of Engineering from Hofstra University and was previously a Civil Engineer for Lockwood, Kessler Bartlett Inc. in New York. He now designs the roads and bridges to his client’s financial futures. Chris is also an active member of the portfolio management team at SJK Wealth Management (@SJKWealthManage).Miranda Warner is currentl y a 21-year-old Junior at Washington State University, pursuing a degree in Business Marketing. She has always had a love and passion for dogs and has made efforts to help dogs all over the world. Her dad’s occupation resulted in moving around all over the United States, as well as 3 overseas countries. By the age of 18, she had moved nine times and lived in Thailand, South Korea, and Romania. Romania and Thailand, unfortunately, have a big problem with homeless dogs roaming the streets. It broke her heart seeing so many hungry and sick dogs living in unhealthy conditions. So to help, she volunteers with different charities and even fostered different litters of puppies in her home.

Discuss Diabetes Parthenogenesis, Treatment And Prevention - 550 Words

Discuss Diabetes Parthenogenesis, Treatment And Prevention (Term Paper Sample) Content: DIABETESAuthorDepartment (Affiliation)Name of the OrganizationCity, CountryEmailDiabetesDiabetes is a lifelong condition where the ability of the body to produce and respond to the hormone insulin is damaged. The lack or insufficiency of insulin leads to abnormal carbohydrates metabolism and elevated glucose levels in the blood stream. Although insulin is produced by the pancreas, its role is to open doors into all body cells to let glucose in (Decode Study Group). If sugar fails to enter into the cells for metabolism, its concentration increases in the bloodstream [1]. This paper will thus discuss diabetes as a sugar regulation-related condition. I will dwell on the types of diabetes, the statistics, symptoms, causes and the need to control the condition. I will further discuss the objective of this project.TypesThere two types of diabetes namely: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as juvenile disease and is a disorder that occurs when the pancrea s is not producing insulin. Type 2 diabetes occurs when enough of insulin is not produced by the pancreas or the cells are unable to make use of insulin hence an insulin resistance [4].Statistics The American prevalence of diabetes in 2012 stood at 9.3 percent of the total population which is approximately twenty-nine million one hundred thousand people. Out of these the approximate number of people with type 1 diabetes was one million two hundred and fifty thousand people. Only twenty-one million of Americans with diabetes are diagnosed while the rest eight million one hundred thousand people remain undiagnosed. That said, the prevalence of diabetes in over sixty-five of age remains high in eleven million eight hundred thousand people [2]. As such, the newly reported cases of diabetes point to the fact that one million four hundred Americans were diagnosed in 2011. In the same year, it showed that eighty-six million Americans of twenty years and above had pre-diabetes. This was an increase of around five million from the statistics in 2010.As of 2010, diabetes was ranked the seventh cause of death in the United States. Moreover, death certificates listed that sixty-nine thousand and seventy-one death cases in America featured diabetes as the underlying cause of death. Also, a total of two hundred and thirty-four thousand and fifty-one people died from diabetes-related complications.Causes Type 1 diabetes is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic predispositions. Unidentified factors attack and kill the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin [1]. Nevertheless, Type 2 diabetes is caused by the resistance to insulin hence whether little or more insulin is made, the body is unable use it well as expected.Symptoms People who have not been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes show symptoms of frequent urination and excessive thirst. What is more, severe weight loss appears as another symptom of Type 1 diabetes along with excessive tiredness [5]. Symptom s of type 2 diabetes include mild thirst, frequent urinating, often having mild fatigue and blurred vision.Need for Monitoring and whyIt is important for the patient to frequently see a doctor as a measure of monitoring the disease. Also, it is important for everyone to undergo a test since early diagnoses can help control the condition through eating habits and physical exercises [3]. Through monitoring of a patients condition helps control other conditions like he...

An Inside Look at Animal Experimentation Essay - 1448 Words

Does everyone remember their very first animal? Remember the puppy’s sweet and perfect eyes, the kitten’s soft and comforting â€Å"meow†, or perhaps even a hamster and their playful and enthusiastic personality? These loving, innocent, precious animals are used daily on animal experimentation. With each and every chemical-related product produced, experimentation is required before being released into stores; unfortunately, these tests are typically performed on blameless animals. However, just because testing of a particular product on an animal results positive, does that undoubtedly mean the results will be equivalent for humans? For instance, cigarette smoking was once considered â€Å"safe† because types of cancer associated with smoking are†¦show more content†¦Why, because almost every American citizen is naive enough to believe that each product has testing done (typically performed on animals) before being sold on the market, ordinarily for safety purposes. However, what the general public fails to comprehend is that although specific types of animals are nearly identical to human beings, there is always a cautious chance that the testing has positive results on animals but conversely, the outcome may be significantly different for humans. Recently, researchers warned that â€Å"patients and physicians should remain cautious about extrapolating the finding of prominent animal research to the care of human disease †¦ poor replication of even high-quality animal studies should be expected by those who conduct clinical research† (Animal Experiments: Overview). Diseases that are artificially forced upon animals in a laboratory are under no circumstances identical to those that transpire naturally in human beings. For example, cigarettes were formerly indicated as â€Å"safe† because it did no harm to animals whereas cigarettes are typically known in today’s generation to cause illnesses such a s lung cancer. More importantly, several researches to cure cancer and its’ questionable motives have been successfully completed on mice although the solution has had no effect on the human body. Also, more than eighty-five HIV/AIDS vaccines have been prosperous in nonhuman archbishop studies, but as of 2013 everyShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Animal Testing1485 Words   |  6 Pagesinhale toxic gases. This is just a couple examples of the pain and suffering animals go through while being experimented on. Experimentation can be defined as a process that performs a scientific procedure that usually takes place in the lab to dictate something. Animal experimentation is unethical because of the many terrible tests conducted, it’s cruel, animals are equivalent to humans, and it’s not necessary. Animal testing has been around for a long time. Going all the way back to 384 - 322Read MoreAnimal Experimentation And The Early Greek Era1716 Words   |  7 PagesYuritza Vargas-Gomez Ms. Thomas ENC 1101 9 November 2015 Animal Experimentation: We Owe It to Them Animal Experimentation has been dated as far back as to the Early Greek Era. This practice has been viewed as ethical by research scientists trying to find new medical breakthroughs. Yet, in recent years, the use of animals in research and experimentation has been frowned upon by animal protection groups and animal rights activists. Animals are protected by certain guidelines and ethics prior to theirRead MoreAnimal Experimentation1612 Words   |  7 Pagesaccept animal experimentation but they also increased the use of genetically modified mice in carrying out such tests. On July 27th official statistics showed that, for the first time, the use of genetically-modified animals has outstripped that of conventional creatures and hardly anyone flinched knowing that† (Britain: Tweaking the Experiments; Animal Testing). Imagine the world without the essential vaccines that are used to promote healthy humans, but that is the world without animal experimentationsRead MoreAnimals In Experimentation. This Essay Will Explore The1684 Words   |  7 Pages Animals in Experimentation This essay will explore the benefit of animals being used in biomedical research, the actions implemented to protect animal welfare as well as other viable options to minimize harm to animals. Science experiments using animals have created a foundation for advances in biomedical sciences. Animals used in medical sciences can be traced back to 384-322 BCE in Greek writings of Aristotle followed by Erasistratus, 304-358 BCE (Dey). Some of the most rudimentary knowledgeRead MoreThis Essay Will Explore The Benefit Of Animals Being Used1681 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefit of animals being used in biomedical research, the actions implemented to protect animal welfare as well as other viable options to minimize harm to animals. Science experiments using animals have created a foundation for advances in biomedical sciences. Animals used in medical sciences can be traced back to 384-322 BCE in Greek writings of Aristotle followed by Erasistratus, 304-358 BCE (Dey). Some of the most rudimentary knowledge known to man now was found through animal experimentation. SuchRead MoreBanning Animals Should Not Be Tested Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages101 3 November 2016 Putting an End to Animal Testing Utilizing animals as a part of research and to test the safety of items has been a subject of intense arguments for a considerable length of time. Individuals have distinctive affections for animals; numerous look upon animals as partners while others see animals as a methods for propelling medical research or encouraging exploratory research. However people see animals, the reality remains that animals are being misused by research offices andRead More Its Time to Stop Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1594 Words   |  7 PagesTime to Stop Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation    Using animals in research and to test the safety of products has been a topic of heated debate for decades. According to data collected by F. Barbara Orlans for her book, In the Name of Science: Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation, sixty percent of all animals used in testing are used in biomedical research and product-safety testing (62). People have different feelings for animals; many look upon animals as companionsRead MoreThe Minute Speech Against Animal Testing1053 Words   |  5 PagesMinute Speech against animal testing We should stop the use of animals for research and testing purposes. Animal research/testing refers to the use of non-human animals for testing or experimenting on. The use of animals for testing is used in the fields of: Biomedical research, security, evaluation, and education of a product. Every year animals are subject to experiments so painful and damaging that no one would ever do them on humans. Deciding whether or not to do animal testing is a tough choiceRead MoreThe Abuse Of Millions Of Innocent And Defenseless Animals1311 Words   |  6 PagesAs a huge animal lover, I was disgusted to hear about Ebbie’s story. Ebbie was a beagle rescued from an animal testing lab in Spain. When he was rescued by an organization called Beagle Freedom Project, he was deathly ill, emaciated and had tumors all over his frail body. Before being rescued, he had spent his entire life in solitary confinement where humans tested many deadly chemicals on him. When he first moved into his new home after being rescued, he just spent his days lying on the floor andRead MoreMy Speech On Animal Abuse Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesImagine spending your entire life inside a laboratory where scientists stick cosmetic products in your eyes to test it for eye irritancy. Imagine being forced to breathe smoke for up to six hours straight, every day, for as long as three years. You are not being fed, you cannot drink, you get deprived of sleep. They isolate you and amputate you. They implant electrodes on your brain to manipulate it. They sew your eyes shut, force you to do drugs and place you in a cage with electrified floor bars

Background to the French Revolution Pre-1789

The Atomic Bomb - 1094 Words

Scientists have always strived for knowledge. With knowledge comes more power and understanding. There are many scientists and nations that can be accredited to helping create the atomic bomb. The idea of the atomic bomb with atoms and fission was not conceived overnight. The scientist from Ernest Rutherford who is from New Zealand to German, British, Japanese, and other scientist from across the globe all contributed to nuclear physics and research on the atom. Most who worked on the famous Manhattan Project were from other countries. The Republic of science was not an actual institution but a belief that the scientists of the world would go beyond politics and world affairs to share information for the chance at more knowledge. The hand in hand connection of the politics and world affairs at the time changed the playing field for scientists and knowledge. The world was in the midst of two world wars at this time period and mass killings were occurring. Most saw a need to end w ar more quickly to prevent further death. The responsibility for the atomic bomb ultimately lies in the hands of the scientists who created the bomb and the politics that occurred. Scientists and politics are to blame for the atomic bomb as shown through their entanglement in government work and politics, the United States and the Manhattan project, and the Soviets Unions atomic bomb progress. The scientists get entangled in the politics of the time which in turn have repercussions. ScientistShow MoreRelatedThe First Lightning: The First Russian Nuclear Atomic Bomb1060 Words   |  5 Pages29,1949 the first nuclear atomic bomb was dropped known as the â€Å"First Lighting.† It was dropped on the testing site in Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. This nuclear bomb was produced by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) also known as the Soviet Union. Igor Kurchatov was the director of the scientific soviet nuclear bomb program. There were two practice rounds two weeks prior to the explosion. During these two weeks period the Special Committee on the atomic bomb sent Lavrentii Beria toRead MoreAtomic And Nuclear Bomb : Atomic Bomb980 Words   |  4 Pages Atomic/Nuclear bomb The atomic bomb ended WWII when the United States dropped Fat Man and Little Boy on the japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This is what started the arms race known as the Cold War between the United States and Russia, the two major world superpowers left after WWII. The effects of the massive arms race between the two countries still to this day affect every citizen in the world due to the fact so many weapons of mass destruction were made some were even lost. AlongRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1214 Words   |  5 Pagessurviving an atomic bomb is a perfect example of surviving.. A man with a miracle on his side. His story became famous throughout the world. This man had the courage to tell his story to the world. Surviving the two atomic bombs is not a small thing to comprehend. Therefore, it would take a man who had the courage and integrity to survive it all. On August 9, 1945, the B-29 bomber wedged through the clouds in a Japanese city of Nagasaki that unleashed a 22-kiloton plutonium bomb known as â€Å"FatRead MoreAtomic Bomb : The Birth Of The Atomic Bombs2008 Words   |  9 PagesThe Atomic Bomb The birth of the Atomic bombs was during WWII, when the nations around the world were fighting against each other, due to disagreements between one another. At the beginning of the war, America was at a stalemate because they did not want to get involved in the war. Even though they were not involved in the war they were helping friendly allies with food supplies and ammunition. And then there was island to the east of the Korean peninsula, also known as Japan, who suddenly decidedRead More The Atomic Bomb1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe Atomic Bomb Albert Einstein predicted that mass could be converted into energy. This was the basis for the atomic bomb. Throughout this research paper, I will trace the history of the atomic bomb. In addition, who was involved and why, what happened in this event, and explain the impact that it had on the world. After Einstein predicted, that mass could be converted into energy. This was confirmed experimentally by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton. â€Å"Physicists from 1939 onward conductedRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb2530 Words   |  11 PagesThe beginnings of the Nuclear Age started when Albert Einstein wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt warning him of a dangerous weapon the Nazis had begun researching, known as the atomic bomb. (1) Though, when President Roosevelt first read this letter, he was too preoccupied with events in Europe to be bothered with such ideas. He at the time did not take the creation of such weapon to seriously, nor did he believe America had the resources for such a task. (2) Finally, on October 19, 1939 PresidentRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Essay4475 Words   |  18 Pages/memoirs; suggest that the atomic bomb was a brilliant military move to cease the war or was it an excuse to impress the Soviets? ï‚ § There were even lots of evidence that were drawn from, memos, affidavits, letters, diaries, and discussions, at the White House, and later at the Potsdam conference that led up to President Truman deciding whether to use the atomic bomb. ï‚ § Some scholars today have even conferred on the facts that Truman and that the military feared that if a bomb of destruction got intoRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthe choice to drop the atomic bomb or to attempt more land invasions was a choice that shaped the outcome of the war. There were major influences and side effects from the dropping of the atomic bomb and what it did to the country of Japan. Having the option and the weight of the moral decision weighing on Truman’s shoulders about what decision should be made, he was the only one who was capable of making the decision that shaped the outcome of the war. Having dropped the bomb on Japan, as a statementRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs910 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 20th century, specifically the year 1945, the United States of America had two atomic bombs that the commander and chief, and president at the time, Harry Truman, knew about. President Truman plan was to drop the bombs on two of Jap ans cities, Hiroshima first and then Nagasaki. Truman’s plans went accordingly, which to this day leads to a very controversial topic on whether or not dropping the atomic bombs was a good or bad thing. There is evidence and reasoning to back up both claims, inRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1470 Words   |  6 Pagesover 70 years since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, they remain controversial as conscientious struggle with the ethics of using such weaponry in the course of armed conflict. President Truman had a number of options apart from the atomic bomb. He could have left the invasion of Japan to the Russians, whom wanted revenge for the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, as well as the more recent conflict in Manchuria (Goldman, 2012). The dropping of the atomic bombs must have shocked many who

I / O Psychology And Human Resource - 1173 Words

Introduction Many people, including Industrial/Organisation (I/O) psychology students, do not necessarily know what the career field of I/O psychology entails. In an attempt to answer the question of â€Å"why should we employ I/O psychologist?† a definition of I/O psychology will be given and an explanation of the roles which it plays in organisations. To assert the argument for the employment of I/O psychologist in organisations and create an understanding of the role of I/O psychology within an organisation, the following will be done. Namely comparing and contrasting I/O psychology and Human Resource (HR) management, and highlighting aspects of the two career paths that, in collaboration, can greatly improve workplaces. The purpose of this†¦show more content†¦as cited in Schreuder Coetzee, 2010). I/O psychologists essentially aim to maximize efficiency whilst maintaining a operational and satisfying environment within an organisation. Schreuder and Coetzee (2010) state that that the job of an I/O psychologist concerns the effective functioning of people in relation to their working environments. The areas of expertise in which I/O psychologist work in to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of people (employees) in an organisation include: recruitment and selection, training, appraisal and review, vocational guidance and career development, industrial relation, occupational health and safety, planning technological and organisational change, organisational behaviour, ergonomics, consumer behaviour, job redesign and marketing (HPCSA, n.d. as cited in Schreuder Coetzee, 2010). Patterson, West, Lawthom Nickell (1997) define Human Resource Management (HRM) as the management of human capital, which is the main factor of company performance. HRM is often confused as an area of expertise in the job of an I/O psychologist. However HRM deals with the employee in relation to their job/workplace where as I/O psychologist with the job/workplace in relation to the employee. Patterson et al. (1997) states that HRM practices can improve organisational performance by: increasing the skills and abilities of employees, promoting positive attitudes and increasing motivation and providing

Ethical And Ethical Aspects Of Social Ethics - 2191 Words

What is the meaning of social ethics? The most common way of defining social ethics is a system of principles that distinguish between right and wrong. From a young age humans are taught ethical norms from family, religion, friends and the legal, political and social culture. â€Å"Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than commonsense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society?† (Resnik, 2011). Ethical disputes emerge from value conflicts because people interpret and apply ethical norms in different ways due to their own beliefs and life experiences. In research, these conflicts are expressed in various ways:†¦show more content†¦It is therefore important for researchers to learn how to interpret, assess, and apply research rules and how to make decisions and act in diverse situations. Most cultures have legal rules that govern beha vior, but ethical norms have a tendency to be more informal than laws. â€Å"Although most societies use laws to enforce widely accepted moral standards and ethical and legal rules use similar concepts, it is important to remember that ethics and law are not the same. An action may be legal but unethical or illegal but ethical† (Resnik, 2011). This is one reason why social scientist researchers have begun to address the particular ethical issues that arise in their work. By examining two highly debated case studies it will be clear to see why ethics in research is so important. Both The Bell Curve written by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray and Pygmalion in the Classroom by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson identify education as being one of the main avenues of social mobility. Within our educational institutions today, supremacism remains a function of how schools enforce discipline, use standardized tests, select curriculum and texts, and teacher attitudes. On the other hand, the most notable difference between the cases is the significant discrepancies in intelligence between racial and ethnic groups. The authors of The Bell Curve argue that no amount of

Case Studies on Ethical Issues and Operations †Free Sample

Question: How do ethical issues impact organizations and operations? Include an example seen in the workplace, in the news, etc. that relates to real-life situations. Answer: Part 1 1 Ethical Issues and Operations Ethics refers to the set of moral values as well as principles which are engaged in governing the decision and the activities. The code of ethics in an organization helps in guiding the people of the organization in designing the policies, program and the decision of the company. The ethical behavior of the organization has significant influence on the managing bottom line, reputation and productivity of the organization. The ethical behavior of the leaders of an organization has impact on the employee morale as well as employee loyalty. The leaders generally follow code of ethics which is the determining factor for the discipline procedures as well as the acceptable behavior for the entire workforce (Hill Hill, 2012). It has been observed that when the organizational leader has high ethical standard, it motivates the employees and it improves the employee morale. A healthy and positive organizational culture is developed with the aid of ethical behavior which ultimately contributes in enhancing productivity. Additionally, employee retention rate is improved. Ethical behavior is the major factor for increasing the efficiency followed by the productivity of the organization (Johnston, Clark Shulver, 2012). Thus, the organization achieves financial benefits through ethical behavior. 2 Business Processes There are various business processes that are important for the operations of an organization. These processes include the strategic development, product development, systems to produce the goods and services and order fulfillment. The strategic development is one of the most important processes as it helps in achieving the goals and objectives of an organization (Jones Robinson, 2012). The strategic development is a necessary process for establishing the core competencies of an organization and achieving the competitive advantage. Product development is the process of bringing a new product in the market by processing and creating the new product. It is basically the process of designing, creating and marketing of a new product or service for the consumers (Lewis Brown, 2012). It is thus very important to develop systematic method for providing the guidelines of all the processes related with new product development in the market. New product development can help an organization in acquiring more market share. Systems to produce goods and services are also a very significant part of the operational process. In order to produce a product there are various processes that are used. At first the inputs are acquired and then the processes are implemented for converting the inputs into outputs. Thus these processes are necessary for the operations of the company ('Manufacturing Service Operations ManagementSpecial Issue on Behavioral Issues in Operations Management', 2005). Order fulfilment is basically the complete process from the point of sales inquiry to the delivery of the product to the customers. It is also a one of the logistics functions and a process of responding to the orders of the customers. There are various options of order fulfilment like Built-to-order, engineer-to-order, make-to-stock etc. Here it can be said that the each and every process is very important for the operations process but the most important process is the systems to produce the goods and services. The strategic development and the product development need to be supported by appropriate production of goods and services. On the other hand the orders cannot be fulfilled if appropriate process is not used for the production of goods and services. Thus it is the most important process of production. Case study: Midas A service centre at a dealership like Genoa Ford can offer the same service as a typical Mi8das shop but there are debate regarding whether they are competitors or not. These organisations basically adopt different strategies for their operational efficiency. The main strategy of Midas is to provide narrow range of services at lower cost (Prajogo McDermott, 2008). On the other hand Genoa Ford Service Center is to provide a whole line of automotive repairs. They satisfy wide group of consumers. Midas is deciding on adding an engine tune in the existing product line. Thus it is very important to analyse the impact of the strategy on the operations. a. Anticipated Impact on the operating Efficiency Midas is in the automotive repair business and they provide narrow services to a wide geographical area. They have decided add engine tune-ups in the existing product line. This will affect the efficiency of the operations. At present the customers do not wait longer than 30 minutes for the muffler service but after the tune-up the customers will wait for a shorter time. Scheduling the tune-up service can make it easier for the company to keep the pledge and it will also help in serving more consumers in the market (Stevenson, 2012). Thus the company will acquire more customers and the market share. But one of the difficulties that can be faced by the company will be in terms of training. They need to train the employees to use the new facility appropriately or there may be various problems that can be faced by the company. If there is any form of breakdown then that can cause more waiting time if appropriate maintenance service is not implemented. On the other hand as a result of th e increase in the demand, the company can face difficulties in terms of the restricted capacity (Van Dierdonck, 2006). Here it can be recommended that the company should implement effective training and maintenance service for the facility. The company should also increase the capacity of the facility to support the service and the company should add more shops to the existing shops for taking the load. b. Change in the Operating Practices It is very important to accommodate for the operating practices in the organisation. It is known that effective operating practices are essential for the growth and benefits of the organisation. If an extra facility in terms of engine tune-ups is added then it is very important that effective changes are made in the operating practices as the new facility should be aligned with the operating process and thus there should be compatibility of the system for effective operations. Thus it is evident that the operating practice should be changed for accommodating the tune-ups in the process for increasing the efficiency of the organisation accordingly. It can help in avoiding any form of difficulties or issues (Jones Robinson, 2012). c. Gathering inputs from Shop Owner It is very important to gather the inputs from the shop owners. An organisation uses various processes to convert the inputs into outputs. Thus inputs are one of the essential materials that are used for the production process. Tune-up will help in increasing the efficiency and the productivity of the organisation and thus it is very important to acquire it from the appropriate vendor. The inputs need to be acquired from the shop owners, as they can provide the required assistance at the later stage. The shop owners can also help in supplying the required products at the right time at the right place and that can help in executing the operations of the company. Thus the inputs should be gathered from the shop owners. d.Type of Inputs Gathered There are various types of inputs that are required for the production process. The inputs are also referred as the factors of production. These inputs are processed by using various techniques and then outputs are produced. In the service industry, human resource is one of the major inputs for performing the service. Here various other instruments can also be used to support the service. It is known that there are three basic factors of production that are land, labour and capital. These factors of production can be used to provide the goods or service to the consumers. Human resource is the major factor of production in the service industry and they perform the services. Thus in this case efficient and skilled employees need to be acquired for performing the task (Hill Hill, 2012). The required machinery and the additional instruments for maintaining the facility need to be acquired as well. This can help in increasing the operational efficiency and effectiveness. e. Process to Launch the New Programme It is very important to take appropriate steps for implementing new programme in the organisation. In order to implement the programme of engine tune-up, it is very important to assess and analyse the initial performance of the company. After that the need for the tune-up is analysed. In the next stage various alternative solutions need to be identified and the best alternative should be chosen. After that the basic inputs and other required resources need to be acquired by the organisation (Jones Robinson, 2012). After that the system should be integrated with the new process and new facilities can be added with the existing facilities for supporting the service. Finally various measures must be taken to maintain the facility by continuously managing the programme and taking appropriate steps immediately if any problem is faced by the facility. It should also be taken into consideration that similar problem is not faced in the future (Johnston, Clark Shulver, 2012). Thus these are the basic steps that are necessary for launching the new programme to increase their profitability and to lead growth and development. Part 2 1 Productivity It is seen that many times the trade-offs are necessary to increase the productivity. Here it can be said that the production process is one of the major activities for any organisation. Thus it is constant attempt of the managers and the organisational heads to increase the productivity of an organisation. The productivity can be referred as the quantity of outputs produced per unit of output. Thus the productivity of an organisation is higher when per unit of input can produce more outputs. Thus the organisations implement strategies to increase the productivity of the production process and trade-off is one of the strategies that are implemented for the increase in efficiency and productivity (Flin, 2006). It is evident that there is a trade-off between the less productive inputs with the more productive inputs for increasing the productivity in every business unit. Here it can be said that in recent economic scenario, the level of competition is significantly high in each and every industry and thus the business units have to increase their core competencies and gain the competitive advantage. Thus their main aim is to increase the productivity of the operations and they can perform several trade-offs to achieve their aims and objectives. For example, there can be trade-off between the less productive labours with more productive capital (Hill Hill, 2012). On the other hand there can also be trade-off between skilled labour and unskilled labour. Though the company may need to bear more cost for their choices but they can gain in terms of higher productivity and thus the profitability. 2 Product Design and Quality In present economic scenario, the production units emphasises more on the product design and the quality of the product. Here it can be said that the quality and the product design is one of the most critical success factors for an organisation (Heizer, 2013). It is known that the consumer satisfaction is very important to gain customer loyalty and it can also help in gaining the competitive advantage and can increase the market share in an industry. Product design and quality can affect the customer satisfaction and thus the company can also achieve its desired goals and objectives (Childs, 2004). There are various forces and the important organisational activities that enable a firm to build the quality into its products. It is known that the global industry is in the way of fundamental transformation. The product needs to be conceived, designed and sourced in appropriate manner that is suitable for achieving the objectives. Some of the key drivers are, Smart Product and connectivity: there has been extensive increase in the connectivity and the networks. Here a new level of service for the customers is established, termed servitisation. Servitisaton: it is expected that service will be used as a diffrentiator in two-thirds of the manufacturing sector by 2015 and they will also help in establishing the profit centres. It is identified that the service quality will be one of the important factors for competitiveness in the future. Digitisation: it will help in meeting the fragmented customer demand and it will also help in increasing the global collaboration. Digitisation also helps is the strategies for globalised design-build service and manufacturers can validate the configuration of products before they are built. Personalisation: Personalisation is crucial for customer satisfaction and for meeting customer demand. But it can reduce the quality and increase the cost. Thus quality check is very important. Globalisation: after globalisation the competition in every market has increased significantly and thus it is very important to increase the quality to gain competitive edge in the market. Case study: Memorial Hospital The Memorial hospital is a privately owned health care unit with various facilities like intensive care units, an emergency room, psychiatric ward, cardiac care unit etc. The organisation has avoided specialised diagnostic equipment due to high cost of the facility. The hospital concentrates on mainly offering quality healthcare at an affordable price. Now various aspects related to the quality of the service can be discussed here. Measuring Quality of the Service: It is very important to measure the quality of the Memorial Hospital. It is known that the hospital has not introduced any special form of service in order to lower the cost and to offer the existing facility at a high quality. Thus one of the main objectives of the unit is to offer high quality product at an affordable price and there are various ways in which the quality can be measured. In a healthcare unit the quality can be measured by dividing the facility into four broad categories. There are structure, process, outcome and patient experience. Assessment of the structure can also help in identifying the quality of the service. The policies related with the care delivery, the personnel, facilities and care setting can be analysed for evaluating the quality ('Measuring Quality in Modern Managed Care', 2003). The process of the service that is given to the patients need to be analysed if they are consistent with the benchmark service or the routine clinical care. Outcome or the results of the health care for the patients can also help in assessing the quality of the facility (Kanji Moura e S, 2003). Patient Experience can also be one of the measures of quality and the patients can be interviewed or their feedback can be taken in terms of their experience in the facility or to know if they had faced any problems in the unit (Kara, Tarim Zaim, 2003). These measures can provide good knowledge of the quality of the service unit. On the other hand healthcare quality assessors can also be hired from outside to assess the quality. Potential Cost of Quality: there are various potential costs of quality for the Memorial Hospital. One of the major costs that can be borne by the hospital if there is any lack of quality of the service is the potential health risk that is faced by the patients. It is known that the health of the patients is the most important factors in a healthcare facility and the service is usually performed on the patients. Thus a lack is quality can put the life of the patient at risk (Flin, 2006). It is known that the life of a person cannot be quantified and thus its value cannot be determined. But the hospital will have to bear the cost of their goodwill and thus the loss of service users in the hospital. One of the direct costs of quality is the loss of service users in the facility and that can directly affect the profitability. Here the value of human life needs to be included as well for assessing the cost of quality (Lindgren Andersson, 2011). TQM service in the Memorial Hospital: Total Quality Management is one of the effective tools or measures that can help in managing g and improving the quality of the service that is provided to the service users (Flin, 2006). There are a wide variety of service quality aspects that can be considered in the healthcare facility. TQM is one of the integral parts of a high strategy level and it is very important that each and every staff provides their full support and attention in order to increase the quality of the service at every level. The top, bottom, forward and backward supply chain needs to be managed for providing high quality service to the customers. The organisation should focus on zero defects and it can be done by supplier quality control by providing proper inspection. The organisation should work on continuous system improvement and should also implement the training and educational programme for increasing the efficiency of the staff. The records should be properly mai ntained and any form of barriers should be removed that can provide hindrances for quality service (Hill Hill, 2012). So these ideas or techniques can be implemented for quality healthcare in memorial. Measures Used to Assess the Quality of Healthcare: In order to measure the quality of the healthcare facility that it is providing, it is very important to implement various measures that can help in assessing the quality of the facility. Memorial can take the feedback of the patients who are receiving the service facility. Their feedback can enlighten on the quality of the service (Hou Su, 2006). Consumer satisfaction is very important and the results of the facility can also provide an idea of the quality of the service (Kllstrm, 2010). If the health of the patients is improved then it can help in measuring the quality. Thus it can be concluded that in healthcare unit, the quality of the service is very important as the lives of the patients can be at a risk if high quality service is not provided to them. The value of the lives of the patients cannot be quantified and thus the cost of quality cannot be intensive in a healthcare facility. Thus quality cannot be compromised and efforts must be taken to continuously improve the quality (Kanji Moura e S, 2003). Part 3 1 Suppliers The suppliers are very important part of the production process. It is evident that the production supply chain starts from acquiring various raw materials and other inputs from the suppliers. Thus the suppliers perform one of the main functions and initiate the supply chain. An organisation can chose to keep the number of suppliers to a minimum or they can also use more suppliers for supplying the raw material and other inputs (Jones Robinson, 2012). It is evident that there are various advantages and disadvantages of both the approach of having fewer or more suppliers. These can be discussed here. The advantages of having more suppliers are that the risk can be diversified. In a situation where one supplier is unable to provide the goods, then the producer can get the supply of the inputs from other suppliers. The producer also has the advantage of choosing from various alternatives. One of the disadvantages of having many suppliers is that, the interconnectedness between the buyers and supplier is weak (Jones Robinson, 2012). There are many suppliers, thus there is no loyalty or special relationship with a supplier that can give them advantages in future. On the other hand in case of having a few suppliers, the advantages that can be achieved is a better relationship with those suppliers. They can provide various benefits later and it can also help in building an efficient supply chain. The disadvantage of having only a few suppliers is the narrow choice of suppliers and it can also increase the risk for the producers as they may fail to produce the goods in time if the supplier fails to provide the inputs at the correct time. The producer may also suffer in terms of the quality (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). 2 Forecasting Method In the following table the forecasting can be shown. Year Mergers 5 Year Moving Average (Forecast) Absolute Deviation Squared Deviation 2000 46 2001 46 2002 62 2003 45 2004 64 2005 61 52.6 8.4 2766.76 2006 83 55.6 27.4 3091.36 2007 123 63 60 3969 2008 97 75.2 21.8 5655.04 2009 186 85.6 100.4 7327.36 2010 225 110 115 12100 2011 240 142.8 97.2 20391.84 MAD 61.45714286 MSE 88.88303711 In the above table the 5 year moving average is shown and it is forecasted that the number of mergers in 2012 will be 142.8. The moving average technique has been used to determine the forecast for 2005 to 2011. In the 5 year moving average table (forecast), the forecast of 2000 to 2011 mergers are shown. The error has been calculated as well and the MSE is 88.8830 and the MAD is 61.4571. Here a weighted moving average method can also be used to forecast the mergers for the year 2012. The weights are 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30. Weighted Moving Average (5) = 0.10 (123) + 0.15 (97) + 0.20 (186) + 0.25 (225) + 0.30 (240) = 12.3 + 14.55 + 37.2 + 56.25 + 72 = 192.3. Thus according to the five year moving average method, the forecast for the year 2012 is 192.3. In the following table the regression is shown. SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.895691715 R Square 0.802263649 Adjusted R Square 0.782490014 Standard Error 33.2939966 Observations 12 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 44974.1 44974.1 40.57239 8.14E-05 Residual 10 11084.9 1108.49 Total 11 56059 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept -35459.56993 5583.689 -6.35056 8.35E-05 -47900.8 -23018.3 -47900.8 -23018.3 X Variable 1 17.73 2.784184 6.369646 8.14E-05 11.53072 23.93781 11.53072 23.93781 The equation for forecast is Y= 17.73*(X+ (-35459.6)) Y2012 = 35459 + 2012* 17.73 Y2012 = 221.7727 The moving average method is one of the most effective measures that can be used for forecasting the demand for future. Compared to other methods of forecasting, it is easier and weighted moving average method can also be implemented to forecast effectively. Another forecasting technique that can be as effective is exponential smoothing, autoregressive moving average, extrapolation, trend estimation, and linear prediction. Case study: Outsourcing Outsourcing is one of the effective methods that are used by various business units at present. It is evident that the main aim of various organisations is to minimise the cost and maximising the profits of the company (Chakravarty, Grewal, Sarker Sambamurthy, 2014). Thus outsourcing is one of the strategies that are applied by various organisations to move gain the competitive advantage by lowering the cost of the company. Outsourcing is used by various organisations in recent economic scenario for achieving the competitive advantage. It is known that there are various aspects of the economic conditions for the developed and developing countries. For example labour is abundant and comparatively cheap in developing countries whereas the capital is abundant in developed nations. Thus it is very important to produce according to the abundance of the factors and gain competitive advantage in the industry. Thus outsourcing can be an effective measure for gaining cost advantage and thus competitive advantage in the industry. a. Trade-off between Inputs and Productivity Here it can be said that there is a trade-off between the inputs and the productivity. Inputs are the basic requirements of the operations and thus it is very important that effective inputs are acquired at a lower cost. Thus it can be said that there is trade-off between the inputs for the productivity improvement (Haugen, Musser Lovelace, 2009). In various situations, it can be difficult for the producer or the business unit to raise the inputs at home productively. Thus if the business unit cannot raise productive inputs at home then, it is more feasible to acquire the inputs from outside. There are various factors that need to be considered in case of outsourcing. The necessity of increase in efficiency and the productivity can affect the outsourcing. Thus in order to increase the productivity, a trade-off between the inputs is conducted. b.Advantages and disadvantages of global sourcing There are various advantages and disadvantages of global sourcing against producing in the United States. Here it can be said that global sourcing can provide several advantages as well as disadvantages. The main advantage of outsourcing is lower cost and increased productivity. Here it can be said that, after globalisation the business units have the advantage of outsourcing inputs from other locations at a lower price. There is increase in the transfer of both physical and financial resources (Vitasek Manrodt, 2012). At present high skilled labour can also be acquired at a lower cost from outside. It is evident that developed countries outsource high skilled labour from countries like India and China. Some of the disadvantages of outsourcing are the quality concern. In certain situations, the production units compromise on the quality to gain the product at a cheaper cost. There can also be issues in terms of transferring the product or service from outside. Thus these are the main disadvantages of the situation. c. Product or Service of a low-cost Country Here an example of the product or service of a low-cost country can be given as well. It is evident that there is a pool of human resource in countries like India and China. There is abundance and huge supply of good-English speaking human resource in India. The labour can be outsources effectively at a much lower cost than in any developed country. d. Recommendations Here various recommendations can also be made for business units in terms of outsourcing. Here it is seen that there are various advantages as well as disadvantages of outsourcing for a company (Haugen, Musser Lovelace, 2009). It is evident that due to globalisation, there is increased interaction between nations and the transfer of goods and services has also increased. After the technological innovations, the information technology and the communication efficiency has also progressed and that can help in outsourcing by making. Thus transfer and communication cost is lower due to technological progress and cheap labour or other inputs can be acquired and it can be beneficial and profitable for the business. Part 4 1 Process Selection Product Design and Capacity selection is one of the important decisions that are taken by the productive unit (Reid Sanders, 2013). The producer must decide upon the design and other specification of the product that is produced and the capacity of the production is also required to be assessed. The product design can involve the dimensions, measurement, materials, and blueprints. These should be taken into consideration (Albiana Vila, 2012). It is known that the product design and the process selection can significantly affect the customer satisfaction, product cost and the quality of the product. Here it can be said that the process of production is determined after analyzing, what will be the design of a product. On the basis of the demand of the consumers the, product designs are specified and after that the process of production is implemented. The process that is used for production also depends on the capacity of production (Ambruch, 2013). On the other hand the capacity can also be increased for accommodating for the production process that is adopted by the producer. Thus it can be said that the process selection is related with the product design and capacity determination. 2 Monique Food Processing Company and Capacity Steps Description Capacity(Units/Hour) Unused Capacity 1 Preparefood 200 25 2 Measureandplaceinplasticpouch 175 0 3 Preparecardboardbox 200 25 4 Insertpouchintobox 300 125 5 Shrink-wrapbox 200 25 System Capacity and the Bottleneck Department: here it can be seen that the capacity of preparing food is 200 units per hour. The capacity for measuring g and placing plastic pouch is 175 units per hour. Thus even though 200 units will be produced but only 175 units can be put in the plastic pouch and the cardboard box are prepared 200 units and the capacity of pouch that can be inserted in the box is 300 units per hour but only 175 units of plastic pouches will be available to the operations for putting them in the cardboard box. Similarly only 175 units will be available for shrink-wrap of the box even though its capacity is 200 units per hour. So the system capacity is 175 units and the bottleneck is step 2 that is measure and place in plastic bag s(South China Morning Post, 2014). The unused capacity or the slack has been shown in the table. If 25 units more capacity is added in the bottleneck department that is the second department (measuring and placing in plastic bags) then the system capacity will be 200 units. It is the feasible option as the capacity of other three departments is only 200 units. The key factors that decide whether to add capacity is the difference between the bottleneck and the capacity of other departments. If the difference is high then the unit must add capacity in the bottleneck to increase the production as it can lead to a greater loss of profits and the capacity of other departments. An organization may want to reduce the capacity of other departments when they are constrained by the bottleneck department as the excess capacity is a waste and loss of profit due to the bottle neck (Stevenson, 2012). Case study: Beck Manufacturing and Plant Capacity Calculation of capacity ofeachmachinecenterandthecapacityofthesystem: Available capacity for Milling = [No. of machine * no. of shifts * shift duration * utilization * efficiency] / run time per piece = [5 * 2 * 8 * 100 % * 97%] / 0.03 = 2587 [approximately] Available capacity for Grinding = [No. of machine * no. of shifts * shift duration * utilization * efficiency] / run time per piece = [7 * 2 * 8 * 100 % * 95%] / 0.05 = 2128 [approximately] Available capacity for Boring = [No. of machine * no. of shifts * shift duration * utilization * efficiency] / run time per piece = [3 * 2 * 8 * 100 % * 98%] / 0.02 = 2352 [approximately] Available capacity for Drilling = [No. of machine * no. of shifts * shift duration * utilization * efficiency] / run time per piece = [6 * 2 * 8 * 100 % * 93%] / 0.042 = 2126 [approximately] Therefore, the capacity of the system is = [2587 + 2128 + 2352 + 2126] units = 9193 units It is the fact that the Drilling department looks like to be the bottleneck; therefore, capacity should be enhanced by an additional piece per minute. At present, there is a slack in every department. Therefore, increment of an additional piece per minute in Drilling department would cut back the slack in each department. As per given information, Mr. Beck would like to expand capacity without purchasing new equipment. So, from this point of view, it can be said that he would needed to incorporate an additional shift as third shift specifically for the Drilling department to make sure this particular centre produce additional pieces (Stevenson, 2012). Here, inclusion of such third shift will enhance the organizations total productivity and as a consequence, there will not require purchasing an extra machine. Further, in doing this, the level of material cost also be under control, which positively influence the final product cost. Part 5 1Material Requirements Planning (MRP) Inventory and Customer Service The material requirement planning is basically the inventory control, scheduling and production planning system that is used for managing the manufacturing process. MRP system can be used by hand as well but it is mostly software-based. The main objectives of MRP is maintaining the lowest possible products and materials in the stock, ensuring that there is availability of materials for the production and the products are timely delivered to the consumers. It also helps in purchasing activities, delivery scheduling and manufacturing activities. The MRP system can help in inventory control and also can process the materials. Thus one of the major functions of MRP is inventory control and maintaining low level of inventory. The delivery, purchasing and manufacturing activities can also be planned by MRP. It is known that the customers require the products at a shorter possible time than it takes to create them. Thus it is very important to plan for the process. The company may lose money or the customers if appropriate planning is not done. For example, dynamic lot sizing method can b used to maintain the inventory but also provide the goods to the consumers on time. Thus MRP is one of the effective tools to increase the customer service level but it also helps in lowering the inventory of the company. 2 Perpetual versus periodic Inventory Systems The perpetual inventory system refers to the system where the cost of goods and the merchandise inventory that are sold, are continuously updated and after every transaction of sale or a purchase. Here the point of sale system can be introduced and the records are updated continuously. In the inventory account some other transactions can be updated as well like purchase discounts, sale/purchase returns etc. In the inventory account, the purchases should be directly debited in the account. In the perpetual inventory system, the purchase account is not used (Accountingexplained.com, 2014). The periodic inventory system can be referred as the system of inventory management where various activities related with the inventory is not updated continuously. The sale transaction is recorded via a single journal entry and purchases are recorded in the purchase account. During the accounting period, the cost of goods sold account does not exist. Thus there is a difference between the two inventory systems and in certain situations one is better than the other. Here it can be said that among the two inventory systems, at present, most of the retailers use the perpetual inventory system but the periodic inventory system can be better in certain situations. For example, in case of periodic inventory system, it is known by the companies at the beginning of the period that how much inventory they have. They also know the level of inventory at the end of the period. On the other hand, the perpetual inventory system, a company known the money that is invested in the inventory system. Case study: Alliance Supermarket and Point of Sale (POS) System The Alliance supermarket has been using the point-of-sale (POS) system to track the inventory of the system. The system also uses a laser scanner for the Universal Product Code in every item at the checkout counter by identifying the unique number in each and every product. At present it is used for updating and maintaining the inventory records and the system has also improved the ability of the company for replenishment in the inventory but there are certain problems that are faced by the company at present (Stevenson, 2012). The differences in the tastes and preferences are not included in the system which creates major issue for the company. Innovative Use of Point-of-Sale Point of sale (POS) is the place where the transaction of retail sector is completed. The customers make the payments at the POS and to the merchants for the exchange of goods and services. The customer service at the point of sale should be very effective and efficient as the organization has to deal with the customers directly (Reid Sanders, 2013). Here it can be said that the POS can also be used in an innovative manner to help the organization achieve their strategic goals. Here various data can be collected from the POS in terms of the details of the buyers and what do they purchase at what time. The information can significantly help in creating a trend after estimating the purchase pattern of the consumers. It can help in maintaining the records of the trend and thus forecasting of the demand of the consumers at certain time period can be estimated as well and the company can prepare beforehand. This can help in minimizing the risk. The customer relationship can also be devel oped at the point of sale by effective measures. There are various ways in which Alliance can reduce the cost and also provide better service to the customers. In this regards it can be said that at the POS, the employees should be trained to interact with the consumers so that they can provide better service to the consumers (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). The information of the customers and their purchasing pattern records can be very helpful in avoiding risks and various other costs and it will also improve the service to the consumers. Alliance can also implement online support service and they can use online marketing techniques. In the official website of the supermarket, various sections can be added for receiving the feedback of the consumers. They can also implement a special card system for the consumers (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). A special credit can be maintained in the card. The regular purchasers can be asked to use the card during every purchase and in return they can be provided with special credit in the card. For example, free purchase of goods worth $15, after total purchase of $300 goods from the market. That way the record of the purchasers can be maintained as well. It is very important to take into account the ethical and privacy considerations for the consumers. It is known that, accessing the information of others without any consent can lead to ethical violation and there should be certain privacy policy for the organization as well (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). In this case the information is gathered from the consumers regarding what they are purchasing at what time. Thus there may be ethical and privacy consideration with the POS system information gathering. Part 6 1 Just-in-Time (JIT) Inventories Just-in-time is a production strategy that basically helps in improving the returns on investment by associating the carrying cost and the reducing in-process inventory. It is one of the effective approaches of operations management that reduces the waste and increases the productivity and efficiency of the entire operation. It is evident that JIT system is more effective for the manufacturing sector where the repetitive work is conducted and JIT can help in increasing the efficiency by continuous improvement. It can also be implemented in service sector where more repetitive work is conducted like in restaurants, in case of checking and paying bills. But in the service sector where more personalized services are conducted like hair cuts or seeing patients by the doctors. Here it can be said that in the medical service industry, JIT cannot be implemented as various patients need specialized care. The kinds of treatment that are given to the patients are different for each and everyone and that depends on their requirement and need for the treatment. Thus in such situation JIT cannot be implemented as patients should be given intensive care and treatment and thus similar process cannot be used for every patient as it can lead to harmful consequences (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). For example, if a doctor detects some symptoms on a patient and provides him with the required medication after the checkup, he cannot use the same medicine on another patient with the same symptoms without checking their allergies or conducting other medical check-ups. This can escalate the issue and thus JIT cannot be used here. 2 Scheduling Process The scheduling process is one of the important processes in the operations management that is undertaken by the production units. It is known that there are various processes and sub-processes that are undertaken by production units in order to convert the inputs into outputs. In order to conduct a smooth production, it is very important to implement scheduling for each and every activity or process (Cs.rutgers.edu, 2014). If scheduling is not conducted then it can lead to system breakdown and can create a chaos and thus the productivity or the efficiency of producing the output can be affected. Here it can be said that the scheduling process in various service industries can be different. The scheduling process in the restaurants, hospitals and airlines can be different. In the restaurants scheduling is necessary for manage the staff and their shifts in the restaurant. In the restaurant the scheduling process is used to make roasters for the employees so that various shifts are covered by equal service providers in the restaurant. Here forecasting techniques are used to predict the most rush hours and thus more staff can be scheduled to work during that shift. In hospitals as well the similar scheduling process is used for staffing in different shifts. In airlines also similar scheduling process is used but the scheduling in case of airlines is more complex as the flights, their time should be integrated in the schedule with the flight attendants and other employees. Case study: Space Age Furniture Company Space Age Furniture Company basically manufactures cabinets and tables that are used to hold the portable television and microwave ovens. The company uses the same production and operations method even though they are made in different features and sizes. Part number 3079 is used in making Saturn and Gemini as one of the subassembly part and it is produced by renowned specialist Ed, Szewczak. The main aim of the company is to reduce the inventory cost by reducing the storage and they have adopted the strategy of zero finished goods inventory. At present the specialist of part 3079 is feeling uncomfortable due to the extra overtime and thus measures should be taken to improve the situation. Here various aspects of the problem is identified and discussed. Addressing the Problems Coral is facing various problems at present especially of losing their experienced machinist because of the service that is given by him in overtime for the production of part 3079. The sub-assembly part 3079 for Gemini and Saturn has been used extensively in the operations and thus it is very important to address the issue as the part is very important for the production and raising a similar skilled machinist is also not an easy task. Here a sound production planning is necessary and a comprehensive planning can help in addressing the demand in the market with adequate supply at the correct time. The technique of economic order quantity can help in efficient allocation of resources and the problem of overtime can also be eliminated in the company and the specialist can work within a time limit. Appropriate forecasting can help in managing and preparing an effective schedule for the organization. The downtime and the breakdowns can be reduced with the help of total product maintenan ce. It is very important to plan the preventive maintenance for the equipments and the machines and it can ensure smooth flow operations. This can minimize the risks of production. Various tools and techniques can be implemented in order minimize the overtime costs of the production process and tools and techniques can also be implemented for making the employees work efficiently and faster (Jones Robinson, 2012). The overtime cost can be reduced if the employees are more productive during the work hours. The organization can also hire additional employees during the peak season so that workload can be distributed. This will enable the organization to be more competitive and increase the efficiency of the operations. Reduction of Minimum Quantities of Sub-assemblies Here the stock control method can be used for reducing the minimum quantities of subassemblies in the production unit. It is very important keep a minimum quantities of sub-assembly in order to ensure that the parts are provided at the required time and there is no shortage of the parts. The company produces a new batch of stock after reaching the reorder level (Jones Robinson, 2012). If the minimum quantities of the sub-assembly can be reduced then the parts will also be reduced and thus there can be faced difficulties in meeting the demand for the parts. Here the master schedule for the process should be carefully planned for the minimum quantities of subassemblies and the plan can also help in forecasting the demand for the products. There will be no buffer stock for using in the production and due to the reduction in quantities of sub-assembly the overall cost can also be reduced (Hill Hill, 2012). Costs of Carrying Excess Items in Inventory The cost of holding the inventor will significantly increase if at each stage the company produces excess items. The holding cost in this case is investment cost, labor cost, material handling cost etc. In the production of both the TV stands a storage space will be required for keeping the excess inventory (Hill Hill, 2012). The storage conditions should be maintained so that the products are not affected. This can increase the cost of the operations and the production. It is known that the each part of 3079 costs $0.75 per unit and the inventory costs for holding the sub-assemblies is $0.25 per week. Thus the storage cost of Saturn is $1.50 and the storage cost of Gemini is $1.25 per week when there is no immediate shipment of the products. The cost of inventories can be obtained by multiplying the units produced and the cost of storage for each unit. It is evident that the holding cost for every sub-assembly part and part 3079 is lower than the cost of storing the finished goods per unit in the inventory (Childs, 2004). Trade-off between Overtime Cost and Inventory Cost Here it can be said that the organization is facing difficulties in terms of maintaining the inventory cost and the overtime cost. In this case scenario it can be said that the overtime cost is very expensive for the company as the productivity and the production diminishes with the increase in overtime. On the other hand the inventory cost can also impose various implications on the production and thus this cost should be reduced as well. If a flexible and seasonal demand is experienced by the company then the overtime cost can increase in the peak period. In such situation, high level of flexible demand can be used in minimizing the overtime cost. Thus here it can be said that there is a trade-off between the overtime cost and the inventory cost for the company (Heizer, 2013). References Accountingexplained.com,. (2014).Perpetual vs Periodic Inventory System | Differences | Comparison. Retrieved 20 December 2014, from Albiana, J., Vila, C. (2012). A framework for concurrent material and process selection during conceptual product design stages.Materials Design,41, 433-446. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.016 Ambruch, B. (2013).PTCVoice: The Forces That Are Transforming How Products Are Made.Forbes. Retrieved 20 December 2014, from Childs, P. (2004).Mechanical design. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Cs.rutgers.edu,. (2014).Process Scheduling. Retrieved 23 December 2014 Flin, R. (2006). Measuring safety climate in health care.Quality And Safety In Health Care,15(2), 109-115. doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.014761 Heizer, J. (2013).Operations Management. Harlow: Pearson/Education. Hill, A., Hill, T. (2012).Operations management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Hill, A., Hill, T. (2012).Operations management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Hou, J., Su, D. (2006). Integration of Web Services technology with business models within the total product design process for supplier selection.Computers In Industry,57(8-9), 797-808. doi:10.1016/j.compind.2006.04.008 Johnston, R., Clark, G., Shulver, M. (2012).Service operations management. Harlow, England: Pearson. Jones, P., Robinson, P. (2012).Operations management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, P., Robinson, P. (2012).Operations management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kllstrm, M. (2010). Measuring quality performance in healthcare.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,21(10), 1058-1058. doi:10.1080/14783360903332395 Kanji, G., Moura e S, P. (2003). Sustaining healthcare excellence through performance measurement.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,14(3), 269-289. doi:10.1080/1478336032000046607 Kara, A., Tarim, M., Zaim, S. (2003). A low performance-low quality trap in the non-profit healthcare sector in Turkey and a solution.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,14(10), 1131-1141. doi:10.1080/1478336032000107690 Krajewski, L., Ritzman, L., Malhotra, M. (2013).Operations management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Lewis, M., Brown, A. (2012). How different is professional service operations management?.Journal Of Operations Management,30(1-2), 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2011.04.002 Lindgren, M., Andersson, I. (2011). 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The daily work of Lean leaders lessons from manufacturing and healthcare.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(7-8), 886-898. doi:10.1080/14783363.2013.791098 Prajogo, D., McDermott, C. (2008). The relationships between operations strategies and operations activities in service context.International Journal Of Service Industry Management,19(4), 506-520. doi:10.1108/09564230810891932 Reid, R., Sanders, N. (2013).Operations management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Sikdar, S., El-Halwagi, M. (2001).Process design tools for the environment. New York: Taylor Francis. South China Morning Post,. (2014).Trade-off between productivity gains and job losses isn't so simple. Retrieved 20 December 2014 Stevenson, W. (2012).Operations management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Stevenson, W. (2012).Operations management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Van Dierdonck, R. (2006). Service Operations Management: Improving Service Delivery20061R. Johnston and G. Clark. Service Operations Management: Improving Service Delivery . 2nd ed.: Pearson Education Limited 2005. pp. 496.International Journal Of Service Industry Management,17(1), 99-100. doi:10.1108/09564230610651606 Chakravarty, A., Grewal, R., Sarker, S., Sambamurthy, V. (2014). Choice of Geographical Location as Governance Strategy in Outsourcing Contracts: Localized Outsourcing, Global Outsourcing, and Onshore Outsourcing.Customer Needs And Solutions,1(1), 11-22. doi:10.1007/s40547-013-0004-6 Haugen, D., Musser, S., Lovelace, K. (2009).Outsourcing. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Vitasek, K., Manrodt, K. (2012). Vested outsourcing: a flexible framework for collaborative outsourcing.Strat Outs,5(1), 4-14. doi:10.1108/17538291211221924

Child and Adolescent Health Assessment Evidence Based Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Child and Adolescent Health Assessmentfor Evidence Based Case Study. Answer: Introduction Meningitis refers to inflammation of meninges (lining or membranes around brain and spinal cord) in the brain. The disease can be of viral or bacterial etiology, apart from other causes such as cancer and fungal infection. The disease caused due to viral or bacterial infection is most common among all types of meningitis and can spread through close contact with the patient. Among viral and bacterial meningitis, symptoms caused as a result of bacterial meningitis are considered more extreme and are a large cause of mortality in patients (Cunningham et.al 2014). Different bacterial types of meningitis include meningitis of hemophilus influenza type as well as Neisseria meningitis type (meningococcal meningitis). Typically, children and babies are affected by meningitis of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitis, Hemophilus influenza and group B Streptococcus type. Key symptoms critical to diagnose meningitis include looking for neck stiffness in patient, which may be leading to automatic response in limbs, primarily knees; this reflex is known as Brudzinskis sign. Other diagnostic tests for meningitis include detection of inflammation in brain CT scan, antibodies in blood tests and testing of cerebrospinal fluid through lumbar puncture (Polit Beck, 2008). Globally, more than 1.2 million bacterial meningitis cases are estimated to surface every year (WHO Manual, 2011). While people from all age groups are susceptible to meningitis infection, children below 5 years and infants are at higher risk of viral and bacterial meningitis respectively. Generally, community setting such as college campuses are key sites for spread of meningitis infection. Bacterial meningitis of meningococcal nature typically spread through respiratory fluids, passed as a result of coughing, sneezing, or kissing. Treatment of bacterial and fungal agents depends on administration of anti-microbial nature which are best suitable, while viral meningitis is typically not treated with anti-microbial agents (Cunningham et.al 2014). Immunization against the disease in early age is considered the best way to prevent occurrence of this disease. Interpretation of Physical Assessment Details The assessment record of the child patient, Sophia, indicates normal gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms. However, loss of appetite has been recorded in the patient, which is one of the signs of infection of meningitis nature (Polit Beck, 2008). Patients heart rate is normal, while the blood pressure shows reduced diastolic pressure at 60 mm Hg, which may be indicative of reduced body fluid volume. Body temperature is high at 39.7 degrees C, indicating presence of fever. However, abnormalities in neurological symptoms including irritation, sluggishness, and reluctance of move extremities indicate neurological nature of the disease. Sensitivity to light and stiffness in neck indicate towards meningitis of hemophilus influenza type B, as initial diagnosis has indicated. However, presence of purpuric rash indicates that meningitis of meningococcal nature may be present, as rashes are not typically present in meningitis of hemophilus B type infection. Typically, rashes of dark purple color may appear, in case of advanced stage meningococcal meningitis (Polit Beck, 2008). Unlike meningitis of hemophilus influenza type, meningococcal meningitis is caused by Neisseria meningitis. According to research, meningococcal meningitis is more common than other types of meningitis in children. Chances of infection spreading is also very high in case of meningococcal meningitis and care should be provided with promptness (Cunningham et.al 2014). The child has also not been indicated to be immunized, which enhances the possibility of meningitis due to infection. Additionally, diminished urine output indicates patients may be experiencing dehydration, which is a common and dangerous occurrence in these infections (Tae-Wan K. et al, August 2010). Presence of dry mouth, as shown in initial physical assessment also indicates that patients is experiencing dehydration of severe nature. To add to this, reduction in diastolic blood pressure to 60 mm Hg is also indicative of dehydration in patient. Immediate provision and control of body circulatory fluids would be required for the patient in this case (Polit Beck, 2008). In case dehydration goes out of control, the patient may experience seizures or brain damage and even death. Lethargy and high proneness to sleep are also additional indications, conforming the presence of meningitis. Other symptoms confirming to meningitis include pale skin type and reduced breathing rate (at 11 br eaths per minute), as these are also typically observed in such infections. Key Problems In the described case of the patient Sophia, it is important to establish the exact nature of meningitis infection quickly and provide medical care appropriate to the infection type. In case, infection is of meningococcal nature, and different from hemophilus influenza type, risk of septicemia (poisoning of blood by meningitis causing pathogens) may also be there. Darkening of skin around light colored skin areas such as extremities of limbs is indicative of spreading septicemia and should be looked for in the patient. Extraction of cerebrospinal fluid through lumber puncture and subsequent analyses would be required to pinpoint the exact nature of meningitis. Within the CSF, analysis is done to determine number of white blood cells, proteins and glucose in the sample. It is understood that bacterial type of meningitis shows larger number of neutrophils and low glucose quantity. A lumbar puncture or spinal tap requires collection of CSF from patients back for analysis (Cunningham et.al 2014). However, in case blood pressure of the patient falls quickly and the patient is anticipated to be falling in a state of shock, extracting cerebrospinal fluid would be contraindicated and has to be done away with. Typically, increased white blood cells count and protein level along with low sugar levels in the CSF are indicative of meningitis infection. Imaging techniques involving magnetic resonance imagery or CT scan may also be utilized to determine the extent and nature of infection already in patients system. It is important to start the patient on broad spectrum antibiotics, until the exact nature of meningitis infection is determined and a more specific treatment in provided. As patient is suffering from severe dehydration, immediate fluid resuscitation is required to avoid the risk of shock. Isotonic saline solution or colloid bolus administration may be warranted to provide normal circulatory volume to the patients body (Tae-Wan K. et al, August 2010). Different parameters should be continuously monitored including blood pressure and other normal body functions to check severity of dehydration and progression of the state of shock. Best Practices It is important to analyze the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the patients extracted through a lumber puncture, to identify the exact nature of meningitis. Rich neutrophil content and low glucose content in the CSF would be indicative of meningitis of bacterial etiology. At the same time, time should not be wasted in starting preliminary care and patient should be immediately started on antibiotics and steroids. Delay in starting the patient on antibiotics may results in aggravation of infection and also death (Polit Beck, 2008). Recommended antibiotics at the outset are ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, and best antibiotic to administer should be determined based on consideration of resistance and any prior sensitivity on the part of patient. Steroid therapy is also required in certain cases, to avoid coagulation in blood. However, in some cases, patients already on anti-microbial therapy may not require steroid administration, as effect would necessarily be complimentary to each other. Non -steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen may help alleviate symptoms such as pain, inflammation, and fever (Cunningham et.al 2014). It is important to maintain sufficient fluid circulatory volume at all times and patient should be immediately started on fluid therapy, with constant monitoring of blood pressure. In case the blood pressure continues to fall despite fluid therapy, vasoactive agents including dopamine may be injected to maintain blood pressure. Milrinone and dobutamine are other agents of vasoactive nature which may be useful in such a situation. In some patients, hyperglycemic condition may result due to meningitis, which may warrant the use of insulin for control of sugar level in blood. Increase in blood sugar levels combined with shock condition has been found to be one of the key reasons for death in meningitis patients (Polit Beck, 2008). Additionally, blood transfusion may also be required in case hemoglobin level falls below required levels. Family and Child Care Considerations As the child is unimmunized, close family members should also be checked for any abnormal symptoms as infection could have spread to such members. Typically, close family members are at highest risk of infection and infection could spread through respiratory or throat based secretions. It may be advisable to start patients family members on an antimicrobial therapy for prophylaxis against meningitis (Polit Beck, 2008). It also needs to be determined if any of the family members have been earlier vaccinated against meningitis, in which case prophylactic treatment with anti-microbials may not be required for such family members. In general, the family members need to be educated against risks of contamination and should be advised and keep cleanliness, including washing hands, using separate utensils and avoiding very close contact with the patient at all times. The patients mouth should also be covered at all times to prevent risk of respiratory fluids transfer of infection. Until the time that child shows symptoms of infection such as fever and rashes, these measures are to be continued with urgency (Polit Beck, 2008). It is also important for the laboratory personnel to follow guidelines and take necessary protection steps to prevent any contamination to themselves. Lab staff needs to be properly trained before handling the pathogenic samples for testing, while nursing staff also needs to take required precautions before dealing with the patient (WHO Manual, 2011). It is warranted that the child patient be admitted immediately to hospital and antibiotics are started. Once antibiotics are started, the patient needs to be monitored for 5-7 days and in case condition worsens, shifting to intensive care unit should be promptly considered. In the scenario of symptoms getting aggravated, support for breathing and other medications (for instance, to control blood pressure) could also be required. In typical cases, benefits of anti-microbial therapy should start to show within 2-3 days, while fever is expected to persist beyond five days. It may be possible that the child develop complications such as deafness, seizures or delayed development even after cure of meningitis (Polit Beck, 2008). Avoidance of such symptoms would depend on early and prompt care, as well as disease progression at the time of admission. At the time of discharge, the child should be examined for hearing tests to check if any symptoms related to deafness have appeared. Also, family should be educated on the symptoms which are typically seen after discharge in such patients including tiredness, problems with hearing, frequent head aches and in some patients, hearing problems (WHO Manual, 2011). It is important for the family to follow-up with specialists regularly to get the childs recovery tested, post discharge. The patient may also experience mood swings and feel good on certain days followed by days of bad mood and uneasiness. Disturbances in sleep, depression and bed wetting may also surface as after effects of meningitis. Proper counselling on psychological level may also help the patient recover from these after effects (Polit Beck, 2008). Conclusion Meningitis is a disease of high mortality risks and should be treated promptly and appropriately at a quick pace. In the given case study for patient Sophia, all symptoms indicate towards meningitis, such as neck stiffness, presence of rash, reducing blood pressure, reluctance to move extremities and dislike towards light (Polit Beck, 2008). Presence of a purpuric rash indicates more towards meningococcal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitis. Exact nature of meningitis is prescribed to be confirmed through pathological examination of CSF obtained through lumbar puncture. It is important meanwhile to start the patient on appropriate anti-bacterial therapy and closely monitor the vital symptoms in intensive care unit (Cunningham et.al 2014). Moreover, because of possibility of cross-contamination, close family members need to be monitored for any signs of meningitis. It may be advisable to administer antimicrobial therapy to such family members for prophylaxis. Close family also needs to be educated on different ways to avoid contamination until the child shows symptoms of infection. After discharge, the nursing staff also needs to provide proper counselling to the patients family on post discharge care and tackling the after effects of the disease such as mood swings experienced by the patient, deafness, depression, lethargy, and lack of concentration (WHO Manual, 2011). References CDC Website: https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/symptoms.html Cunningham, F., Leveno, K., Bloom, S., Spong, C. Y., Dashe, J. (2014). Williams Obstetrics, 24e. McGraw-Hill.https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/full-manual.pdf N.d. (2011). Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenza. WHO Manual, Second Edition. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989465/ Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2013). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Tae-Wan K., Whang J., Lee S., Choi J., Park S., Lee J. (August 2010). Acute Urinary Retention due to Aseptic Meningitis: Meningitis-Retention Syndrome. International Neurological Journal, 14 (2), 122-124, doi 10.5213/inj.2010.14.2.122. 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