Mobile Phones for University Students Essay

Nowadays modern technology is developing so rapidly that people can hardly catch up with its pace. There is no doubt that mobile phones, as a new industry of modern technology, have got into people’s life. As sensitive reflectors of information and fashion, more and more mobile phone users have appeared in the campus everywhere. While some students are enjoying whatever mobile phones have brought to us, there are others who stand against it. This essay will explain the possible effects of mobile phone use on university students, focusing on the benefits and drawbacks. The main benefits of mobile phones in university are as follows. Firstly, there is no denying the fact that mobile phones have made campus life more convenient. A recent survey found that mobile phones are becoming part of university life and 99. 7% of students use their own mobile phones to communicate with others (Ransford, 2009). As it can be seen, mobile phones provide students with a fast and convenient way of communication, such as getting in touch with schoolmates and hunting for jobs, which was previously unimaginable. Secondly, instead of going to the PC lab and finding computers to look for news on current events, students can use mobile-network to search the Internet. It is by this means that university students can broaden their horizon and enrich their minds. Lastly, with the help of mobile phones, students can do work more efficiently. Many students in university treat mobile phones as electronic dictionary and chart with teachers for academic purpose. They share useful information related to their lessons and solve academic problems sometimes. In this way, mobile phones not only can save our time and energy but also help with our study. However, the negative effects are also obvious. Above all, more and more university students are indulged in Java QQ and online games, which make them weak in study. Moreover, some even use mobile phones to cheat in the examinations. It has been reported that almost 80% university students use Java QQ constantly and more than half of them are in favor of it. Only less than 1/3 of them comment that it is bad to our health and study if students spend too much time on Java QQ and online games. Some students even spend a whole day playing with their mobile phones and send thousands of short messages every day. If they do not use Java QQ a day, they will feel anxious (Yang, 2009). In other words, some university students have regarded playing with mobile phones as a kind of habit and fashion. In the second place, some students often make comparison of others’ mobile phones. They always want to own an attractive and high-grade one. Consequently, it costs them too much money and energy to buy a new style in order to gratify their vanity. Finally, mobile phones in university also bring some health risks, both physical and mental, if not properly used. It has been highlighted the fact that some pornographic video and photos of two U.  S. high school girls was spread so rapidly that even police were hard to stop them. In addition, District Attorney James B. Martin said that at least 40 Parkland High School students believed to have received the pornographic images (Rubinkam, 2008). It is really harmful to university students’ future development, especially those are immature. In conclusion, everything has its advantages and disadvantages, and mobile phone is no exception. On the one hand, using mobile phones in university can help students communicate with each other more convenient, have rich knowledge and study more efficiently. On the other hand, mobile phones can also have bad influence on learning; encourage students’ vanities as well as mental injury. In my point of view, therefore, there are three solutions which can solve this problem. Firstly the university authority should intensify publicity and education. Secondly coercive measures can be put into effect, such as shielding the mobile phones in classrooms and libraries. Lastly university students should promote themselves and fight temptation. A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of mobile phones.

Responsibilities and Boundaries Essay

Roles, responsibilities and boundaries are evolving qualities within a teacher that are assessed through the teacher/training cycle. To become a successful tutor you will need to understand this cycle and include it in your daily teaching routine. The role of every tutor is to value all their learners individually and equally. A tutor has a duty of care towards learners, implicating they should carry out initial assessments of every learner, to understand their learning abilities. Every learner should be provided with any additional support they require. The learner has the responsibility to tell the tutor of any additional support they need, and the tutor should act upon this information at once to ensure the support is provided. Every organisation has different methods of teaching and providing support for learners. The tutor should know how to get access for additional support the learner needs. As learners develop a better understanding of the aims and objectives, their needs and requirements change. This should be reflected in continual reassessment. An organisation has many different initial assessments; it is the tutor’s job to know all of these. So the work can be based upon the needs of the organisation, the syllabus and the learners. As a tutor I must keep all records of teaching, plans and progression reports. I need to understand the different abilities each learner has. When I plan a lesson I must entail all the various learning methods are included, thus all learners gain some knowledge from the course. I will need to plan the lesson appropriately including the different learning styles; auditory, visual and kinaesthetic. The most common way a tutor understands the learning styles of a learner is to present them with a quiz, to analyse their own learning style. As a result the tutor will have a better understanding of the learners learning styles. To provide effective teaching I shall have to assess myself. I can do this by asking learners to fill out a questionnaire about the presentation and efficiency regarding my teaching techniques. With this information I can evaluate my teaching methods, so as to modify or make changes in the future. I shall know which new activities to plan and find the correct resources for them. Furthermore I will know what the learners expect of me and how I can stimulate their learning forward to help them reach their full potential and progress further. It is the tutor’s responsibility to make sure they have gained skills they need for the subject area they wish to teach. They are aware of all the learner abilities and to certify the learners have gained necessary skills and knowledge. The tutor has to make sure all handouts and presentations are thoroughly checked, as any mistake can have a lasting effect on the individual learner. Additionally to keep all learners engaged on the subject the tutor must use variable tactics of teaching. The boundaries of a tutor are placed to maintain a friendly but professional environment, so that the tutor or the learner cannot take advantage of either position. ‘Boundaries allow you to express your limits and to communicate the conditions or availability of certain privileges that your students desire’ (B. Jane 2010). The tutor can phone the learner, for delay of coursework or continuous absences, but it is prohibited for the teacher to harass the learner. As a tutor it is unacceptable to get emotionally involved with a student. If they require any counselling, it is the tutor’s job to reflect upon what is being said to them. As a responsible tutor it would be my utmost priority to signpost them to a counsellor within the organisation, without betraying their trust. In consequence maintaining contact on professional grounds.

Pyramus and Thisby Essay

In spite of that, Bottom considers his acting to be remarkable, so remarkable that he thinks he can play all the characters of â€Å"Pyramus and Thisby†. â€Å"†¦ I will roar you as gently as any sucking dove; I will roar you an ’twere any nightingale. † Bottom feels that he is fully capable of playing the role of a gentle, charming Thisby, and even that of a monstrously horrifying lion. This characteristic of his is very effective in generating hilarity as he very naively presumes that he alone can handle the production of â€Å"Pyramus and Thisby†. Contrarily, his performance as Pyramus alone is rather alarming. â€Å"Now die, die, die, die, die. † Bottom tries exceedingly hard to convince the audience of Pyramus’ death. The word â€Å"die† is repeated four times, implying how incessantly Bottom tries to assure the onlookers that he is unquestionably dead. This initiates some final mirth on Bottom’s foolishly absurd identity. Bottom’s transformation into a donkey is another very amusing part of the play. What makes this idiosyncrasy all the more entertaining is his nescience about it throughout the play. â€Å"I see their knavery. This to make an ass of me, to fright me, if they could. † Bottom never realises the radical change he has undergone and very potently amplifies the hilarity of the comedy since he leads all his actions normally, never comprehending how abnormal he looks. Also very effective in this dialogue of Bottom’s is the usage of the word â€Å"ass† as a pun. He is completely unaware that at the precise moment that he is uttering the dialogue, an ass is literally what he looks. His declaration of the other workmen making an â€Å"ass† of him is also humorous since his name â€Å"Bottom† already signifies his existence as an ass. Furthermore, is the levity of Bottom’s romance with Titania. Unfamiliar with the fairies, Bottom is far from apprehending why Titania confesses love for him. â€Å"Methinks mistress, you should have little reason for that. And yet, to say the truth, reason and love keep little company together now-a-days. † Bottom’s statement is greatly suited to the moment, not only to describe his situation but also that of the four lovers. Like Lysander’s immortal line, â€Å"The course of true love never did run smooth†, Bottom’s opinion goes well with the obstacles and complications that have developed in the play. Despite that, it does not stop the ridiculousness of his and Titania’s liaison from augmenting the humour of the Elizabethan comedy. â€Å"O how I love thee! How I dote on thee! † Titania’s love for Bottom is entirely unreasonable. Being the queen of the fairies, she has one of the highest ranks in the play, while Bottom being a workman, has the lowest. The fairies also consider themselves to be of a much higher position than mere human beings. In the face of this, Titania loses both mind and body to an ass-headed and ugly Bottom, a low class workman. This efficiently illuminates the impediments that the love juice can bring about and the thoughtlessness that attaches itself to all that encounter it. The central figure of this Elizabethan comedy is Puck, the mischievous sprite. He conducts all the melodrama of the play; all the confusion, all the mischief, begins with him. â€Å"What, a play toward! I’ll be an auditor, An actor too perhaps, if I see cause. † Even before watching any of the drama, Puck has plans to play a part in it. Apart from being Master of Revels to Oberon, Puck forms a schedule of his own; he always satisfies his interests and curiosities. This makes the audience more cognisant of the trickery and complexities going on in the play. Not being related to either the fairies or the lovers, the mechanicals have no reason to be a target of Puck’s pranks. Correspondingly, his involvement in the disruption of their rehearsals proves how he has his independent diversions. The roles and traits of Theseus, Hippolyta and Philostrate are rather similar to those of Oberon, Titania and Puck. In theatrical performances of â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, the actors playing the roles of Theseus, Hippolyta and Philostrate often tend to play the roles of Oberon, Titania and Puck, respectively. In relation to this, Philostrate and Puck have analogous characteristics as Master of Revels. At the beginning of the play, Theseus tells Philostrate to spread celebration and joy of the marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta. â€Å"Stir up the Athenian youth to merriments, Awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth,† Midsummer’s Eve was traditionally a time for celebrating with decoration, greenery and a sense of magic. Philostrate obeys the orders of Theseus as Puck obeys Oberon. Puck enters the play as a reflection of Philostrate, spreading magic and havoc with a mischievous side to all his intentions. Notwithstanding, Puck does make a critical mistake amidst his effervescent pranks. The highlight of the play is Puck’s misunderstanding of Lysander for Demetrius. â€Å"Did you not tell me that I should know the man By the Athenian garments he had on? † Puck makes an easy error with the love juice. Asked to recognise Demetrius by his attire, he mistakes Lysander for him. This is sure to instigate some tension on the audience’s part as they realise that something confusing can happen with the application of the love juice to the wrong person. It also potently marks an Elizabethan comedy because it opens the second phase of the play, where chaos is at its peak. The love juice is the key element of this romantic comedy. Love and friendship turn to hatred in a moment, and vice versa. â€Å"Injurious Hermia, most ungrateful maid, Have you conspired, have you with these contrived, To bait me with this foul derision? † Helena accuses Hermia of deliberately setting up Lysander and Demetrius’ love for her, to mock her and humiliate her. The love juice has unconditionally distorted the relationships amongst the four lovers. The purpose and positions of love and hatred have interchanged. The circumstances change over in a moment and later, go back to normal in the bat of an eye. This efficiently improves the prospect of a dream. The onlookers will themselves be forced to wonder if all that had happened was real, or just an illusion. Despite the fact that love and companionship instantaneously transfigure into repugnance, all the anger and vexation lacks asperity. â€Å"Get you gone, you dwarf, You minimus, of hindering knot-grass made, You bead, you acorn. † The bitterness amongst the lovers tends to be somewhat mild reflecting that past love has suddenly changed into enmity. The insults, although vociferated under strain and anxiety, do not come across as seriously as they are interpreted amongst the lovers. This helps in enriching the humour. The words â€Å"dwarf†, â€Å"bead† and â€Å"acorn† are tiny, pleasant things that have been used as objects of offence. Construed seriously amidst the characters, these insults are catalysts to laughter from the viewers as they hardly initiate any anger or humiliation. When the play’s focus returns to the centre of civilisation in Athens, there is harmony, peace and the order of matrimony for all couples. Marriage itself is one of the chief traits of an Elizabethan comedy. During the Elizabethan era, comedies customarily followed the pattern of order and peace at the beginning, followed by extreme chaos, and ending in harmony with a marriage to mark the return of order. It can hence be concluded that â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† is a thoroughgoing Elizabethan comedy. Yet, throughout the play, the lovers and their love is made fun of. â€Å"Cupid is a knavish lad,† All the love and its intricacies, the anxiety, loss, sorrow, bereavement and broken hearts are the exquisite ingredients of a first-rate tragedy. Nonetheless, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† is intentionally developed as a romantic comedy, with the disruptive elements to mark its midst. The viewers can efficiently see all the arcane aspects of love and devotion, and at the same time, enjoy the humour of romance. The ending of the play is greatly suited to finish off the confusion and misunderstandings of the past. In the epilogue, the actor playing the role of Puck steps out of character to accost the viewers. â€Å"That you have but slumbered here†¦ No more yielding but a dream,† The audience is addressed with an apology for any unsatisfactory or offending presentations. This helps in ending the show on a merry and cordial note. The mention of a dream creates the perfect theme for the epilogue; it relates back to the situations of the four lovers where complexities and discords were passed off as a dream. In my opinion, William Shakespeare has been tremendously successful in portraying this play as Elizabethan comedy. I liked the structure of order at the beginning, followed by despair and disorder and an ending with marriage to restore happiness for all. â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† is by far the best play of William Shakespeare that I have read. I have loved the storyline and the humour as well the legendary characters.

(Economics) DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

(Economics) DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS - Essay Example ng to the ILO, in 2004, 246 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 years were child labourers.2 This is not a new problem and throughout history their have been instances of child labour in almost all parts of the world. Starting twentieth century, attempts have been made to end child labour permanently. Unfortunately, developing countries, where the problem is most acute, have proved to be immune to legislative interventions. In this essay, we try to understand the reasons why legislations have failed to end child labour and discuss other measures and their efficacy. As early as in 1867, Karl Marx in â€Å"Capital† had outlined a formal model for the causes of child labour. Marx had noted that while technology ideally would require less labour, lower demand for labour would depress wages and hence it was worthwhile for capitalist to use labour liberally and for the workers to have their entire family work to make ends meet.3 In modern times, the most well-known economic model of child labour is from Basu and Van4. The Basu-Van Model argues that low income economies are characterized by multiple equilibria. There is a bad equilibrium in which the adult wages are low and the child wages even lower and so the parents are compelled to send their children to work in order to survive. The good equilibrium is when adult wages are high and no children are offered in the labour market. In between these two equilibria is the state when both the good and the bad equilibria exist. Unfortunately, both the good and the bad equilibria can be stable, i.e. if the economy is in the state of bad equilibrium, it is unlikely to get out of it. The Basu-Van model is based on two assumptions. The â€Å"Luxury Axiom† asserts that households send their children to work only when driven by poverty and a non-working child is a luxury good. The â€Å"Substitution Axiom† asserts that adult and child labour is substitut able. The figure below shows the Basu-Van Model. Thus, we see that

Article Crtique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article Crtique - Essay Example The integration of the model into the health care industry was ensured by additional literature review, practice analysis, expert panel inputs, and pilot-testing survey. The variability in the application of the design has been handled by its wide coverage of twenty six behavioral and technical competencies. These competencies belong to three major domains in the studied industry. However each of these competencies were defined and benchmarked by behavioral indicators, or levels which were used to assess the progress of the professionals involved. The study model also took into consideration the differential developmental requirements. The Health Leadership Competency Model fits into academic conditions and also adheres well with practical circumstances in health care. The article addressed a clearly focused issue. The article aims at reviewing the operational results associated with the Health Leadership Competency Model being used in a number of organizations related with health care industry. It also aims to critically evaluate the outcomes of the application of Health Leadership Competency Models being used in healthcare management graduate programs. The article also specifically identifies the competencies for the model, its specifications and the validation process. The focus of the research is streamlined and has a defined direction. The objectives of the study have been justified by other literatures as z need of the industry. Standardization of Health Leadership Competency Models have been demanded by a number of researchers in the field. The authors have referred to appropriate and adequate works. The author referred to an explicit range of database and periodicals. A wide range was covered as literatures have been referred by the authors in the process of reviewing the outcomes Health Leadership Competency Model. Literatures pertaining to the need of improvisation in

Discussion Questions #1 and #2 Personal Statement

Discussion Questions #1 and #2 - Personal Statement Example Scientific methods are often lengthy, time consuming and very cumbersome. For the analysis to come to completion, therefore, a lot of time, efforts and costs must be expended. The constraints of time and costs are very fundamental and may significantly limit this method a great deal. Furthermore, they must be conducted by well informed individuals who have adequate scientific skills. Where these are lacking, the method’s applicability is hindered. The human population is constantly increasing. Calculating this increase in population is very difficult for a number of reasons. First and foremost, some births are not registered and, therefore, it becomes difficult to know exactly how many children are born especially in developing countries. In addition to this, growth in human population is never uniform world over (Linkov & Ramadan, 2004, p. 67). In some countries or regions, there is unprecedented growth in this population while, in others, it is a bit low. Therefore, most methods used to calculate the population is bound to experience a great degree of

Capital Funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Capital Funding - Essay Example Contrary to this as per the advocates of capital funding, it causes encouragement of the development of technologies, managerial expertise, and integration with the world economy, exports and higher growth. Since it is a very much controversial issue, my primary objective will be exploring the all the aspect of capital funding in new business and private sector in developing countries and also calculating possibility and to answer the hypothesis that effect of the various policies of capital funding on the development of new business and private practice in developing countries. Since this research problem needs an in depth study and it give rise to some insights to the magnitude of the capital funding I'll formulate such research questions which may help me exploring the reality of the problem. The questions will be, Since it is highly necessary to gather accurate information for giving an ample scope to my research problem, I will approach autonomous and governmental bodies like Department for international development, office of foreign common wealth offices and HM treasury. Collecting data from such bodies will help me to draw a comprehensible data related to the effect of policies in the development of new business and private practice in developing countries. ... The governments of respective countries has implemented a number of policies related to this .But The practice of imparting and accepting the fund always invites criticism as the opponents draw attention regarding imperfections, adverse results such as capital intensity of such funds, inappropriate technology ,the possible adverse on income distribution etc. Contrary to this as per the advocates of capital funding, it causes encouragement of the development of technologies, managerial expertise, and integration with the world economy, exports and higher growth. Since it is a very much controversial issue, my primary objective will be exploring the all the aspect of capital funding in new business and private sector in developing countries and also calculating possibility and to answer the hypothesis that effect of the various policies of capital funding on the development of new business and private practice in developing countries. Since this research problem needs an in depth study and it give rise to some insights to the magnitude of the capital funding I'll formulate such research questions which may help me exploring the reality of the problem. The questions will be, 1. What is the magnitude of the effectiveness of the policies in developing countries, particularly in their economic growth 2. Whether it effect positively or negatively on the development of new business and private practice 2 3. What are aims of the particular government regarding the implementation of the respective policies 4. Which are major countries who undertaken to impart funds to developing countries and whether there is particular motive

A passage to India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A passage to India - Essay Example Aziz and friends longs for the company of an English man, the common wish of the Indians during that time. Both, Aziz and Fielding have similarities in their behavior that they are curious in Indian mysteries. Moreover, Fielding has high respects for Indian tradition and is high tolerant. It may be this common fact that befriends them. The western similarity of Aziz is clear when Moore explains her experience with Aziz in the mosque. Only much later Ronny and others realize that she was speaking about a Muslim, who exactly follows the western way of living. The words of Miss Quested are notable in this context when she exclaimed, â€Å"A Mohammedan! How perfectly magnificent!† (Foster 9). 2. What do you think really happened to Adel Quested in the cave? What might the echo signify symbolically in the novel? Adel Quested had a wild experience in the Marabar Caves where she was overcome with claustrophobia like Mrs. Moore. When she entered the cave alone, the echo of the sound a nd loneliness might have frightened her. This actually caused for her fainting and misunderstanding that Aziz molested her. However, the echo in the cave has symbolic significance in the novel with various propositions. There have been many inferences among the critics regarding this symbol. But one can see echo representing climax of horror of the novel.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The SWOT analysis is used as a tool to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the human resource management practices of the companies. Among the weaknesses of Fifers Bakery is that recruitment is undertaken by the plant managers themselves. There is no formal induction program for new hires. Supervisors and employees view job expectations differently. The weaknesses of Fifers Bakery in human resource management are anchored upon the absence of a human resource department. This article is a comparative analysis of the human resource management practice of two South African companies – Fifers Bakery and McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd. The two companies are leaders in the food processing industry. Fifers Bakery was established by Eddie Hind in 1992. It is now owned by Foodcorp Proprietary Limited after its purchase of First Lifestyle. The companys production facilities are extensive with a variety of equipment and 6000 square meters of factory space provides ample capacity for the production of more than 180 product lines, particularly specialized breads, cakes and â€Å"artisan† baked products. McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd began operations in South Africa in 2000. The company has approximately 1,150 employees nationwide and has its headquarters in Bedfordview, Johannesburg, South Africa. It has four production facilities in South Africa. It is part of McCain Foods Limited which is based in Florenceville, New Brunswick, Canada. It is the world’s largest producer of French fries and other oven-ready frozen foods. Human resource management is a management function directed at the provision and deployment of a business enterprise’s human resource needs. It falls within the domain of staffing the enterprise. Guest’s normative model is to be used in comparing the personnel management practices of Fifers Bakery and McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd.

The Demonstration of Anthropomorphism using a range of 3D Animation Essay

The Demonstration of Anthropomorphism using a range of 3D Animation Techniques, Evaluating a Range of Tools, Techniques and Methods - Essay Example The revolution in computer technology relative to animation , has immensely changed the face of animation industry. This animation leads to the attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects or nonhuman organisms and is generally referred to as called as Anthropomorphism. This anthropomorphism can be demonstrated through the use of various animation tools and techniques including the latest technique of 3D Animation. This project proposes to develop a greater understanding of anthropomorphism and how it is used in the field of animation, also a deeper understanding of how to animate realistic movements, and the steps taken to create animation that is of a professional standard. This leads to the discussion and understanding of a range of suitable techniques, tools and methods that can be employed in the production of such an artefact. All such efforts rely heavily on certain professional animation techniques that are used in portraying a believable message. Much of the concepts related to body language, movement and aesthetics are the controlling factors that instantiate anthropomorphism into a fictional character. To create life like characters , animators must create flawless human-like characteristics which demands thorough understanding of the movement and aesthetics of humans and how these characteristics effect peoples perception of these features. To bring about these effects there has to be a perfect story board design and various animation tools and techniques that render these effects. The important steps in producing a 3D animated shot or animated movie include preparation of digital story board, Modelling, Simulation, Rendering and post production special effects. The above mentioned steps could be accomplished with the aid of special software tools like Autodesk Maya , 3D Studio Max and other rendering and directing tools like Renderman , Diorama, etc. Based on

Assignment 12(775) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 12(775) - Essay Example pproach employed in selecting a school for the research where he also describes how they consulted the proposal as well as informing the school community (Bello, 2006). During the negotiation and consultations, he had a special focus on matters they had more attention on. He then concludes with distribution of written materials hence closing the negotiations coinciding with this phase. He then comes up with an appraisal of this process and makes up questions that will ease the growth not only on the initial phase but also the following studies (Bello, 2006). However, each piece of research has different conditions surrounding it so these conditions are what determine the way a research will occur. A research project started by the author and his lecturer in March 2000 by having a collaborative action research project running in a school in order to establish the influence it had on teachers’ professional development. Despite the problems bound to experience, they had to make this collaboration happen by taking advantage of the knowledge and time they had to obtain an advantage by working in collaboration (Bello, 2006). With participants in this research having different points of view, it can lead to acquisition of more knowledge as well as useful skills when commencing other studies, whether separately or in collaboration. In picking a school for their research they followed the criteria same as Stake’s criteria, which focused on schools that offer many opportunities in enquiring new knowledge. For instance, the school they picked located in Spain because teachers valued teamwork, family participation was encouraged, and it depended on local administration for management (Bello, 2006). Reflecting these processes will come in handy as it helps us understand how the action research is important in enhancing learning, making up collaborating cultures within institutions, as well as reducing the gap between theory and practice (Bello, 2006). It promoted

Skellig Film Analysis Essay Example for Free

Skellig Film Analysis Essay 1) At first sight, Skellig does not want Michael’s friendship and wants to be left alone. Directly Skellig says ‘You again? Thought you’d gone away’. This implies that he never wanted to see Michael there and is hoping, through the conversation, for him to leave ask quickly as possible. I strongly believe that Skellig does not want anyone visiting him and that he wants to be left isolated. 2) The reader suggests to us that there is a relationship between Michael and Skellig because Skellig is like an angel and Michael’s sister is like an angel too. Skellig says â€Å"They say that shoulder blades are where your wings were, when you were an angel, she said. They say theyre where your wings will grow again one day.† This shows that Skellig knows about Michael’s sister. 3) At the end Skellig is getting stronger. He was playing football with other people and was more active, before he wanted to be very lonely and isolated. He would be in his own world. 4) The author suggests that Skellig is not a normal person, when Skellig could not stop drinking 27 and 53. Skellig says â€Å"More 27 and 53 †¦ Ah the food of the gods.† This suggests that he is not normal because he is drinking too much stuff he should not be. 5) We first realised that Skellig might save Michael’s baby sister when he went over to the hospital and saw her wings. This shows that he tried his best to save her by taking off her wings and healing her back. This made Michael’s sister ready for the operation. 6) 27 and 53 have a big effect on Skellig, they make him feel more relaxed but energetic, and he is able to visit other places, when he drinks it. Like when he went to the hospital to save Michael’s sister. He ate 27 and 53 before going then saved her.

Effects of Social Networking on Everyday Life

Effects of Social Networking on Everyday Life ABSTRACT Today, the most popular and common topic of many discussions are social networking websites. The Internet connected us, made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹us even more available, and brought us closer to each other, but at the same time, the Internet estranged us from each other. We are living in an era of expansion of online social networking, which are counting millions of members. Social networking websites are changing the basis of human relationships and communication, and it is the biggest invention since the invention of the telephone. Social networking covers all the needs of modern living: from making friends, finding lovers, through exchanging of recipes and searching for work, and all that without leaving your home. In addition, social networking websites allow us to quickly be informed, but also to be in touch with friends all across the globe. Social networking in combination with other aspects of Internet communications, gives us fulfilled social life. However, social networking websites have become inevitable or necessary part of our lives, and participation in them has become common thing. Will online social networking experience be something good or bad depends mostly on us? Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"With social networks, there’s a fascination with intimacy because it simulates face-to-face communication. But there’s also this fundamental distance. That distance makes it safe for people to connect through weak ties where they can have the appearance of a connection because it’s safe.† —Michael Wesch, teacher of cultural anthropology at Kansas State University. (Quoted in Alex Wright, â€Å"Friending, Ancient or Otherwise,† New York Times, December 2, 2007.) (Mooney, 2009, p. 19) Nowadays, one of the most interesting and widespread phenomenon is social networking websites. The reason why they are so popular is because social networking websites are very user-friendly, are based on Web 2.0 technologies, allowing users more connectivity, personalization, and interaction, and social networking websites often involve grouping individuals or organizations together based on their particular interest. Online social networking is the biggest breakthrough since the invention of the telephone, and in this research paper, we will try to prove that. Social networking existed long before Internet came along, because humans are social beings who are socializing with each other from the beginning of their existence. Before online social networking became popular like it is today, people were socializing, creating groups based on their specific interests, hobbies similar to ones that are available today on the Internet, across social networking websites. There are many social networking websites that are focusing on some particular interest, and there are traditional websites, which are general social networking sites, without a specific focus. Before the Internet came along there was a time when if you had opinion or interest that is different from the norm, you were considered weird. Then the Internet came and changed all of that. No matter how different you are, you can find a million others just like you with just a few clicks. Communication via newsgroups eventually expanded into general use and has become one of the earliest forms of Internet meetings and public discussions. Sometime later IM clients were developed and popularized, chat applets within web portals and forums slightly different from the ones today. Those applications and applets then provided solid opportunities for user profiling and the communication with the world. However, due to very low speed connection, lack of storage of servers the true virtual meetings and / or presentations were almost impossible. (Hu Wang, 2009) The evolution of these technologies caused a rapid increase in user interest, and the number of users is growing exponentially for years. Free pictures and video clips, and writing blogs and content management have become the heralds of the new user paradigm, which are determined by those Web services that systematically have integrated all these technologies: from blogs and chat to video and photo caskets and other components mentioned above that helped in the creation of a compact system of social networks. Todays social networks are mostly free and the only prerequisite for their use is internet connection, and sometimes-peripheral devices such as webcams and headsets. (Hu Wang, 2009) Social networking has its bad and good side of the story. There are many issues regarding information we share, but most social networking services provide their users with a choice of which information they want to share and who can view their profile, which prevents other users from unauthorized access to their information. Data theft or viruses are also common issues in social networking, sexual predators, cyber bullying, etc. However, advantaged that social networking is offering are many because it allows discussion on different topics, sharing information, and exchanging files and pictures, gaining knowledge, providing feedback, etc. In addition, some people use these sites as a convenient way to meet new friends, find old friends or classmates, or even future love, to promote their blogs and services, etc. Professional people use social networking as a platform that can help them to raise their visibility in the business world, advertise, promote their business or service, or to increase their customer base because it is very efficient and cost effective. Social networking along with globalization has made the world a global village where everyone can stay connected and there are no geographical or any other boundaries. Chapter 2 SOCIAL NETWORKING What is social networking? â€Å"Social networking sites are web-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system.† (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) Social networking websites are mostly free on-line services that enable different forms of communication and connectivity with the whole world and the possibility of self-presentation, free posting of pictures and video clips, writing blogs, playing games and other more or less beneficial activities through these networks. Parents can find out whom their children are socializing with, what preferences they have, etc. In addition, people are able to meet new people from all over the world, learn about their cultures, customs, renew some old friendships and gain new ones. The social networking websites are similar to real places where users can socialize with their friends, except they are on the Internet, and usually are about grouping specific individuals together based on their specific activity or interest. There are many social networking websites that are focusing on some particular interests called niche social networking sites, and there are traditional websites that are general social networking sites, without a main focus. Before the Internet came along there was a time when if you had opinion or interest that is different from the norm, you were considered weird. Then the Internet came and changed all of that. No matter how different you are, now you can find a million others just like you with just a few clicks. (Mooney, 2009) Social networking sites have implemented many technical features and applications, but their primary and most important parts are profiles and list of friends who are using the same site. After joining some social networking site and filling out all forms and information necessary, the profile is created. The visibility of a profile depends on users’ preferences and depends of a site where user is registered. By default, profiles on Friendster are visible to anyone, regardless of whether or not the viewer has an account there. On the other hand, LinkedIn controls what a viewer can see based on if the user has a paid account. Sites like MySpace and Facebook allow users to choose whether they want their profile to be public or Friends only (private). One of the primary ways that social networking sites differentiate themselves from each other is structural variations in visibility and access. (Boyd Ellison, 2007) After joining a social networking site, users are starting to create relationships with other users on the site, and most sites require both sides to confirm friendship or relationship. These relationships names are different depending on the site, and popular terms are Friends, Contacts, Fans, Followers, etc. On most social networking sites, the list of Friends are visible to all the friends with which user is connected, although that can be changed in profile settings, and user can control who can see their list of Friends. Almost every social networking site has the option for users to leave messages (comments) on their friend’s profile, and to send private messages. This feature for sending private messages is very similar to webmail. (Boyd Ellison, 2007) It is also important to say that many of today’s social networking sites were not social networking sites at their beginning. Cyworld started as a Korean discussion forum tool, Skyrock was a French blogging service before adding social networking features, QQ was Chinese instant messaging service, and LunarStorm started as a community site. AsianAvenue, MiGente, and BlackPlanet were early popular ethnic community sites with limited Friends functionality before re-launching in year 2005-2006 with social networking features and structure. (Boyd Ellison, 2007) Evolution of social networking websites It is considered that the first social networking website was created in the year 1997, under the name Six Degrees. Users of this network were able to create user profiles, create friend lists, and a year later, the ability to search lists of other users was added to the website. All these options were there in the past, before creation of Six Degrees, however, Six Degrees has brought together all these capabilities in one unit. Six Degrees was designed as a virtual place where users can exchange messages and interact with other users. The service was not rebuilt with new technologies, and users begin to lose interest in this kind of communication. Six Degrees went out of business in the year 2000, due to an insufficient number of active users and insufficient incomes. (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) From year 1997 to 2001 a number of social networking websites were created. Social networking websites like AsianAvenue, BlackPlanet and MiGente, where users were able to create personal and professional profiles, or profiles to search for partners. The possibilities of social networking websites greatly increased with age, and development of new technologies, such as creating a list of visitors (guestbook), or creating the personal notes and texts that were available to other users. (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) The next significant progress with social networking websites was the establishment of business and scientific contacts. With time, several other professional social networking websites like Tribe.net, LinkedIn, and Friendster were developed. Nowadays, LinkedIn is the only professional social networking website, which experienced significant success, and is one of the largest professional social networking website with millions of users. In the year 2002 the social networking website named Friendster was developed, which experienced considerable success and gathered a large number of users, but due to poor computer equipment and limited computer resources, customers started to leave the network. (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) Since year 2003 a large number of social networking websites were developed and available on the web. Most such social networking websites were designed to attract specific groups of people based on common interests, business opportunities, and sharing of data and media. (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) It is important to note that not all social networking websites that were developed for specific user groups achieved equal success in the targeted market. For example, Orkut (social network launched by Google) did not achieve success in the target market of North America, but the expansion of the network has achieved considerable success in Brazil. In addition, the situation is similar with network Windows Live Spaces (Microsoft) that did not achieve success in the Unites States, but in other geographic areas has gained a significant number of users. MySpace, launched in the year 2003 achieved remarkable successes only after a year of existence, mainly among teenagers. Thus, for example, Mixi achieved success in Japan, LunarStorm in Sweden, Hyves in the Netherlands, Grono in Poland, Hi5 in the Americas and Europe, etc. (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) Figure 1. shows launch dates of major social network sites from the year 1997 to 2006. The idea behind social networking website is very simple user registers on the social networking website and shares interesting information from his life, uploads photos and videos, and communicates with friends who are doing the same thing. In principle there is nothing wrong with it, moreover it can be very useful if it is used properly. The success of a social networking website depends on the number of users who are using that social networking website, and on the functionality that the website is offering. However, with increasing number of users of some social networking website, the monetary value of that social networking website is growing too, which allows the owner of the network expansion of marketing solutions available. Why is the social networking so popular? In the background lie various reasons why the online social networking is so popular and growing exponentially every day. Todays fast pace of life does not leave much time for face to face socializing, so that social networking is imposed as the easiest way for communication. However, is this really the only reason? People were alienated from each other and the use of social networking websites gives them an illusion of closeness and connectedness with other people because ultimately man is still a social being. Nobody likes to be alone, and social networks give us the feeling that we belong to the community. On the other hand, people on social networking websites can be represented in the right light, can be more fun, more popular, more communicative and more interesting. Complexes and fears that existed in the interaction with people in the real world do not exist in the virtual one. When communicating over social networking websites, no one knows if user is shy and insecure, or how many pounds he has. Social networking websites can be very seductive because the people on their profiles appear in the best light. These people want to be your friends and communicate with each other, so the temptation is especially strong when real life things do not go as well as they could. Social networking websites should help us make life easier, not take control over it. Technical background A small group of experts, at least at the beginning, developed most of the social networking websites. In most cases, they had one major server, and one backup server, and platforms that they have used were mostly open source, because they all have limited budgets at the beginning. Engineers were using the LAMP open source software stack, the Linux operating system, the Apache Web server, the MySQL relational database system, and the PHP Web programming language for development of Facebook, YouTube, and Flickr. (Kim, Jeong Lee, 2010) MySpace has been developed using Microsoft technologies, including the Windows operating system, Active Server Pages (ASP), NET 2.0, the Internet Information Services (IIS) Web server, and the SQL Server 2005 database system. (Kim, Jeong Lee, 2010) Linux operating system, the Ruby programming language on the Rails application server, the Mongrel Web server, and MySQL were used for development of Twitter. (Kim, Jeong Lee, 2010) LinkedIn has been developed using Sun Microsystems’ Solaris operating system, Java, the Tomcat and Jetty open source Java application servers, the Lucene open source search software, and the Oracle and MySQL database systems. (Kim, Jeong Lee, 2010) After these sites began exponentially growing, the engineers faced three architecture challenges: performance, scalability, and availability, so they started using system and network monitoring tools, and Web traffic and log file analysis tools. (Kim, Jeong Lee, 2010) Types of social networking sites There are many types of social networking sites available today on the web. People use these sites for many purposes. We can sort social networking sites into major categories, and according to Rdube (n.d.) major social networking categories are: Informational Professional Educational Hobbies Academic Informational social networking sites are often connected to businesses that are using social networking sites to connect with their customers. These informational social networking sites are providing their users with information about everyday things, and are mostly written by professionals. (Rdube (n.d.)) Professional social networking sites are helping their users to improve their careers or even industry, find jobs, etc. There are many professional social networking sites which can help their users with many useful advices for advancing in their professional life. (Rdube (n.d.)) Educational social networking sites are becoming very popular nowadays. These social networking sites can help users with their research materials, to communicate with other users or professors via blogs or forums, and many other educational interactions. (Rdube (n.d.)) Hobbies are reasons why many people use social networking sites. There users can find much information regarding their specific interest of hobby. Via social networking sites specified by hobbies, users can interact with others that have the same hobbies and interest. This kind of social networking sites are most popular. (Rdube (n.d.)) Academic social networking sites’ main purpose is for collaboration within the scientific communities. These social networking sites are very beneficial for academic researchers. (Rdube (n.d.)) We can also divide social networking sites by type, and according to Schrader (n.d.) social networking website types are: Forums Blogs Micro-Blogging Photo Sharing Video Sharing Professional Social Bookmarking Other formats Forums are among the first websites that allow user’s interaction. There users can exchange information, opinions, ask and answer questions about given topics. Forums are mostly comprised of users that share similar interests, and are a great way to share or gain knowledge. (Schrader (n.d.)) Blogs are very similar to traditional journals, except blogs are online journals and many people can see them. Originally, blogs are called web-logs, and more often blogs are discussing some specific topic. Main difference between forum and blog is in number of users involved in discussions. Blogs are more personal, and often only one person is writing their blog, while forum involves more users, which discuss the given topic. Blogs can be personal and professional. Professional blogs are sponsored by an organization. (Schrader (n.d.)) Micro-Blogging is very similar to blogging, i.e. it is micro journal that tells us what is happening right now. Major news events are now breaking online via micro blogs, and the most popular micro blog is Twitter. (Schrader (n.d.)) Photo Sharing websites are more and more popular, because instead of sending photos to someone, users upload them to photo sharing website and then just share links for those pictures. The user can also tag their photos with related keywords, and there is an opportunity of commenting on photos. Some popular photo sharing sites are Flickr and Picasa. (Schrader (n.d.)) Video Sharing is almost the same as photo sharing, because users upload their videos and then share links to those videos. In addition, they can tag videos with related keywords, and leave comments. The most popular video sharing website is YouTube. (Schrader (n.d.)) Professional social networking websites allow users to connect with other professionals and maintain their professional relationships. Here users can search jobs, and other professional opportunities. LinkedIn is one of the most popular professional social networking sites. (Schrader (n.d.)) Social websites are for staying in touch. They do not group users with specific of niche interests, and are of general use. Social networking sites are about being social, so there are sites purely for allowing users to stay in touch with people whom they know. The most popular social websites are Facebook and MySpace. (Schrader (n.d.)) Bookmarking social networking website’s major purpose is the sharing of information. If users read something they like, they can bookmark it, which means that they liked what they have read. The more people bookmark some site; they will attract even more people to that bookmarked site. The most popular bookmarking websites are Digg, Delicious, and StumpleUpon . (Schrader (n.d.)) Types of social networking users Now we see that there are many ways that we can categorize social networking sites, but we can also categorize social networking users, and according to website The Man Experience there are five types of social networking users: The ’simply staying in touch’ person This type of user uses their profile for staying in touch with his friends whom he knows in the real life. The ‘profiler’ This type of user is easily recognized by huge number of contacts (from which many of them he never met in real life), uploaded materials such as videos and pictures, and very frequent updates. This type of user is hoping that many people would see his updates and comment on them, which is his substitution for lack of acknowledgments in real life. The ’socially incompetent’ guy This type of user doesn’t have much of a real social life, so he substitutes it with virtual one. This type of users often is presenting themselves to be someone they are not. At the beginning they are successful if their interactions and communications, but usually at the end they are socially incompetent in virtual life just as much as they are in real life, so this type of users is exposed to risk of becoming even more lonely over time even with social networking sites. The power dater – This type of user is using social networking to date people and to enrich his life. Sometimes this type of users is trying to substitute things they don’t have in real life, but also this type of users is just using social networking for fun. The explorer – This type of user is exploring the Internet in search for information he needs. He might be looking for information about some restaurant in the city, or he is exploring his traveling options in some country. This type of user is often a member of many groups and he often contacts many people when he is in search for some information. Chapter 3 STATISTICAL DATA ABOUT SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES How many people are using social networking sites? Social networks have swept the world and completely changed the way we communicate with people on the internet. Research shows that Americans spend a quarter of their Internet time on social networking websites and blogs. These numbers dramatically increased since last few years and show the real impact of social networking websites on society. For example, Facebook has over 500 million members. If we compare that number with the number of over 6 billion people in the world, we can conclude that every 12th inhabitant of the world has a Facebook profile. Subtract from that at least 40% of socially and technologically underdeveloped counties, and we got alarming figure. (Nielsen, 2010) Nielsen, a company that monitors Internet activity has revealed that Americans have, due to social networking websites, ignored the e-mail, which is logical because the platform like Facebook integrate various services that can be used to share content with family and friends. Thanks to the Facebook, there is increased consumption of videos, movies, and news, because users are sharing and recommending to each other content which they themselves might never have find and see. (Nielsen, 2010) Social networking websites are no longer reserved only for young people. America has twice as many users of social networking websites which are around fifty, than of those who are younger than eighteen. As social networking websites become more popular, their new members are on average older, of different races and from different social classes. Nielsen claims that online games are used more than e-mail and that online games have become the second most popular activity on the Internet. Users spend ten percent of their Internet time on games and overall half of Americans play them. Another favorite activity of Americans on the Internet is watching videos and films. On average, users are watching videos and films about three hours and fifteen minutes per month. (Nielsen, 2010) Perhaps the most interesting thing in this whole story is the fact that many people use the Internet from mobile phones. Mobile usage still dominates, and the second are the news portals. Nielsen predicts that by the end of year 2011 the majority of phones sold will be smartphones. Figure 2. Shows the number of users of social networking sites in the world. (Nielsen, 2010) Socialnomics have released some statistical data about social networking websites, which shows that social networking is very serious widespread activity on the web. Here are some statistical information that Socialnomics revealed (Socialnomics, 2010): Social Media has overtaken porn as the #1 activity on the Web 1 out of 8 couples married in the U.S. last year met via social media Years to reach 50 million Users: Radio (38 Years), TV (13 Years), Internet (4 Years), iPod (3 Years). Facebook added 100 million users in less than 9 months. iPhone applications hit 1 billion in 9 months. If Facebook were a country it would be the world’s third largest country behind China and India US Department of Education study revealed that on average, online students out performed those receiving face-to-face instruction 1 in 6 higher education students are enrolled in online curriculum LinkedIn has more than 100 million users worldwide 80% of companies using LinkedIn as a primary tool to find employees The fastest growing segment on Facebook is 55-65 years-old females Ashton Kutcher and Ellen Degeneres (combined) have more Twitter followers than the population of Ireland, Norway, or Panama. The #2 largest search engine in the world is YouTube Wikipedia has over 13 million articles. Some studies show it’s more accurate than Encyclopedia Britannica. 78% of these articles are non-English There are over 200 million Blogs 54% of bloggers post content or tweet daily Because of the speed in which social media enables communication, word of mouth now becomes world of mouth Facebook users translated the site from English to Spanish via a Wiki in less than 4 weeks and that cost Facebook $0 25% of search results for the World’s Top 20 largest brands are links to user-generated content 34% of bloggers post opinions about products brands People care more about how their social graph ranks products and services than how Google ranks them 78% of consumers trust peer recommendations Only 14% trust advertisements Only 18% of traditional TV campaigns generate a positive ROI 24 of the 25 largest newspapers are experiencing record declines in circulation because we no longer search for the news, the news finds us. In the near future we will no longer search for products and services they will find us via social media More than 1.5 million pieces of content (web links, news stories, blog posts, notes, photos, etc.) are shared on Facebook daily. (Socialnomics, 2010) eBiz MBA is a website that provides their users with statistical data and ranks websites in many ways, and according to them here are top 15 most popular social networking websites: Facebook, estimated with 550,000,000 unique monthly visitors Twitter, estimated with 95,800,000 unique monthly visitors MySpace, estimated with 80,500,000 unique monthly visitors LinkedIn, estimated with 50,000,000 unique monthly visitors Ning, estimated with 42,000,000 unique monthly visitors Tagged, estimated with 30,000,000 unique monthly visitors Classmates, estimated with 29,000,000 unique monthly visitors Hi5, estimated with 27,000,000 unique monthly visitors Myyearbook, estimated with 12,000,000 unique monthly visitors Meetup, estimated with 8,000,000 unique monthly visitors Bebo, estimated with 7,000,000 unique monthly visitors Mylife, estimated with 6,000,000 unique monthly visitors Friendster, estimated with 5,000,000 unique monthly visitors MyHeritage, estimated with 4,800,000 unique monthly visitors Multiply, estimated with 4,600,000 unique monthly visitors Age distribution across social networking sites in the United States Age distribution across social networking sites in the Unites States can be categorized in many ways. We can categorize users only by average age or we can compare their age with popular social networking sites. We mentioned before that trends are changing and that social networking websites are not anymore used only by younger people, and how older population is involved in social networking much more every day. Pingdom, a website monitoring service, did a research on the age distribution. The sample was 19 popular social networking sites such as: Bebo, Classmates.com, Delicious, Digg, Facebook, FriendFeed, Friendster, Hi5, Last.fm, LinkedIn, LiveJournal, MySpace, Ning, Reddit, Slashdot, StumbleUpon, Twitter, Tagged, and Xanga. If we take into consideration only the age of social networking users we can find average age distribution across social networking sites and average is: 15% of social networking users are younger than 17 years. Only 9% of users are in the range from 18 to 24 years old, 18% of all users of those nineteen social networking sites are older than 25, but younger than 34 years. Group in which users are older than 35, but younger than 44 years encounter for 25% of all social networking users, and this group dominate. 19% goes for group that is older than 45 but younger than 54, 10% of users are in a group where users are older than 55 and younger than 64 years. Age group where users are older than 65 years encounter for only 3% of total social networking users. Figure 3. shows average age distribution across social networking sites in the United States. In addition, the average age of social networking users is calculated on 19 sites that we mentioned before. The estimated average age of social networking users is 39 years. Average age of users on Bebo is 28.4 years. MySpace

Media Portrayal Of Religious Minorities Cultural Studies Essay

Media Portrayal Of Religious Minorities Cultural Studies Essay In this modern society, media can be seen in every corner of the world. At the same time, its influence is also touching on everything and every people of the world; no matter it is the majority or minorities. Comparing with the majority, minorities are disadvantage group. What is the medias portrayal on religious minorities? Some people often stated that media just provide an overall negative portrayal of religious minorities. Is it true? This is also the main topic of this essay. For illustrating this topic clearly, first part of this paper will state about the concept of religious minorities through explaining the words of religious and minorities. Following it, it is a part about the medias main features in the minorities area. With so many different cases and comparative analysis ways, this part will found that in the minorities area, the medias language, content, mainstream value and channel all are different from the medias transmitting in the majority area. Next part of this essay is the main topic of this paper, which will give the general portrayal of media on the religious minorities through quantitative approach and cases analysis. With all the above analysis in detail, the last part of this paper will tell about the conclusion of this topic. Through the different cases and quantitative approach, the author of this paper thought that although in the history of human being, media did not give enough attention on the religious minorities; while along with the time going, more and more people began concerning about this topic. What is more, media is also not just providing the negative portrayal to the religious minorities; it also brings the positive description to the religious minorities. As a small essay, this paper mainly uses the case approach and quantitative approach, these two main methods to analyze the relative topics. Besides with these two methods, comparative analysis is another method which has been used in the whole papers editing and writing process. Although this paper has been finished smoothly, there are still some limitations of this paper. Such as the studying areas are limited, just about the minorities in China and USA; the studying scope is not very comprehensive, just focus on religious theories transmitting and religious ceremonies hosting; while the minorities religious feeling as a hard topic to analyze with little data to reason or with little case to argue, this paper neglects it. Even with these limitations, this paper still has some advantages to be read. For the following researchers, it will be a good reference in the cases and quantitative area to reason about the medias influence on the religious minorities. 2.0 Discussion 2.1 Concept of religious minorities For discussing about the medias portrayal on religious minorities, the religious minorities should be explained first. It can be seen as the basement to understand the topic of this paper. Religious is a part of culture phenomenon. It can be seen as a kind of society ideology. In most of the time, religion is seen as a kind of faith that people worship the God who exists supernaturally and has the supernatural power to control this world. Besides with this type of definition toward the religion, some other people believes that religion also can be seen as a type of ceremony to worship some human being, who might exist in the history of human being. Comparing with the first God Religion, this can be called as Human Religion and the human religion is more rational. In this paper, the religion is defined as the God religion (Michael J. Breen, 2001). Toward the God religion, there are more than ten types of religions in the whole world. The religion minorities refer to the religion those minorities trusting or believing. No doubt it, minorities is a word comparing to the majorities. It is smaller than the majorities in the quantity. For example, in China, Han nationality is the majority, while Hui, Miao, Zang, Zhuang and so many other nationalities are the minorities toward Han (Yang Fuquan, 2003). In USA, White American is the majorities; Black, Asian and Hispanics are the minorities. 2.2 Definition of Media After stating about the religion and minorities, this part will tell some basic contents of the media. Media is a carrier or a tooling of the informations transmitting and spreading. It includes so many different types, such as newspaper, television, cinema, broadcasting, magazine, internet, books, advertisement etc. (Manoucheka Celeste, 2005). No matter for human beings living or for the societys development, media does play great role and affect the outside heavily. Through different program or different articles, it changes human beings living gradually. No doubt it, the mighty nationalities will play greater roles in the media area. This is decided by their positions in the media industry and their stronger cultures. Comparing with the mighty nationalities, minorities will sit in the poor situation. Their cultures cannot be described and reflected like the majorities in the media. Some people even said that media provides the negative portrayal on the minorities culture. Whether is it true? Following part will reason it through different cases and data 2.3 Medias main features in the minorities area Media widely exits in this world, not only in the majorities area but also in the minorities area. For illustrating the topic of this paper, over here, this paper will give some information about the medias features in the minorities area. Considering about profit and audiences acceptance, media always put the majorities feeling in the first position. Most of time, media use the majorities language as the transmitting tooling. So many times, they did not consider about the minorities language. For example, in China, there are 16 channels. 14 channels of 16 are broadcasted with Chinese; 1 channel is broadcasted with English; another 1 is broadcasted with Spanish and French. There is even no channel broadcasted with the minorities language, even there are 55 other minorities in China. There even is not any channel broadcasted with their language of CCTV (Li Qin, 2005). Even like this, in the minorities living area, such as Tibet Autonomous State, the media are transmitted with both languages, one is the Tibetan language and the other one is Chinese. Besides with the language, most of media put their main attention on the relative living, news or other cultures related with the majorities, rarely mentioning the minorities, just like the past researchers said that even minorities are mentioned, they are represented as others. In the minorities area, although some of minorities living will be reported, most of times, the majorities living and culture is the main content. According to Bradley S. Greenberg Jeffrey E. Brands study in 1998, even in 6 cities of Southwest USA, Hispanic Americas takes up 20-65% population; there are only 10% local news related to the Hispanic Americas. If the contents are rarely related with the minorities, let alone the minorities living values or religions. Sometimes even the religions are described; they are portrayed in a negative way, such as the outdated, benighted, savage or uncivilized etc. What is more, because of medias widely reported about the majorities living, values and other cultures aspect, as one special civilization and culture in the world, the cultures of minorities are suffered widely and seriously assaulting. With this situation, so many minorities civilization died away. Some minorities language even disappears in this diversity world.

James Baldwin and the Jewish Freedom Riders :: Civil Rights

When the call went out in the summer of 1961 for volunteers to ride buses throughout the South to help integrate public transportation, a large percentage of the people who made a commitment to take on this dangerous assignment were Jews. To be exact, nearly two-thirds of the Freedom Riders were Jewish which is â€Å"quite an amazing feat for a minority which made up less than 2% of the entire American population† (Weinblatt 5). Although Jews and African Americans are two very distinct, and often opposing, cultural groups in our society, the great struggle to end racism in America meshed these two groups tightly together. Their shared motivations, expectations and experiences in dealing with white racists during the civil rights movement are amazingly similar, especially when they are compared in the writings of African American essayist and activist James Baldwin and the personal recollections of the Jewish Freedom Riders. It is important to first discover what the reasons were for these Northerners (Jews and Baldwin) to travel into the South at around the time when the civil rights movement was just beginning to pick up speed. Baldwin decided to return home from Europe and venture into the South because he felt a great sense of guilt and helplessness while reading newspaper accounts about a young black woman who was humiliated and intimidated by white crowds in North Carolina while she was just trying to attend school. He experienced a powerful sense of outrage that â€Å"†¦made me furious, it filled me with both hatred and pity, and it made me ashamed. Some one of us should have been there with her!† (â€Å"Take Me to the Water† 383). Similarly, the young Jewish volunteers were motivated by a sense of moral indignation at the mistreatment of African Americans, feelings based on the persecution that their own cultural group has suffered at the hands of bigots for centuri es. One activist remembers having mixed feelings as he left his mother and wondered what she â€Å"†¦ a refugee from Nazi-occupied Austria, thought as I boarded that train to join the fight for other people's freedom† (Honigsberg 7). It was mainly an overwhelming need to become personally involved, to do their part, in the fight for equal justice that was the driving force for both African Americans like Baldwin and the Jewish Freedom Riders.

The Writings of John Updike :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Writings of John Updike      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Updike's Rabbit books tell the story of a man whose life is in constant turmoil. Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom's downward spiral started the day his senior basketball season ended. Rabbit was a basketball jock; he knew nothing else. He married his high school sweetheart more out of convenience than love and worked in the same printing press as his father. Rabbit couldn't face the working world, couldn't face his parents, and couldn't face his wife and son. He was constantly caught somewhere in the middle ground between righteousness and sinful pleasure. Rabbit's mind was constantly wandering, searching for something he could hold on to, something that would remain constant through the thick and thin of life. He needed another basketball.    Rabbit's life is the perfect model for a case study on how not to live. Anything appealing that entered his mind, he did it. Rabbit cheated on his wife, ignored his mother, was unaffected when his wife left him, took up with an eighteen year old girl when he was well into his thirties and did not attempt to hide any of it from his twelve year old son, Nelson. Rather than getting tough when times were hard, Rabbit ran. He ran from a pregnant wife, Janice, from Nelson who was then twelve, from employment, from his parents, from everything. Rabbit practiced the opposite of perseverance. When life wasn't going well, Rabbit simply moved on to something else.    Rabbit matters because he was so wrong. Our thoughts often mimic Rabbit's actions. But Rabbit takes the heat for us. His twisted, perverse life shows us that the choices he made were the wrong ones. Not to imply that he was in any way godly, but like Jesus, Rabbit suffered for our sins. How many times do we find ourselves bored in life, wishing that we could just move on to something else, give up and start over? Each time we do, we can remember Rabbit. Rabbit reminds us that without work, life is not fulfilling. He shows us that you can't start over, that you can never leave your life behind.    Rabbit shows us that we have to live with our mistakes, that we can't just act like they never happened. Rabbit tries to run, but he can't. He reminds us that people don't just forget and move on.

Extended commentary of ‘During Wind and Rain’ by Thomas Hardy Essay

On the Title: An ambiguous and interesting choice of title, in that it is – as I will show – both incongruous with the tense (or time-scale) used in the poem and draws the reader’s attention to descriptions of the weather. The word â€Å"during† makes the weather conditions affect the present. However, the poem is mostly written in the historic present and many of the stanzas depict images of bright, pleasant days – not the â€Å"wind and rain† alluded to in the title. There is clearly an intentional discrepancy being orchestrated here by Hardy. Quote SLS: â€Å"Beware â€Å"during†, the incongruous preposition.† Overall Structure: Four stanzas of seven lines, with a very strange (but regular) rhyme scheme. Hardy uses a very odd structure indeed. The rhyme scheme utilised in the poem consists of: ABCBCDA. There are multiple effects of this: * The sixth line in the stanza breaks the poetic flow of the stanza, as it is the only line not to rhyme with another – hence acting like a mid-stanzaic volta. It draws attention to itself. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that the sixth line of every stanza breaks away from the theme of familial happiness painted in the previous five lines, and turns the subject to the contrasting theme of death. Observe the refrains used! * The drawn out â€Å"A† rhyme encompasses the entirety of each stanza. Given that the last line (about death) is linked to the first (about life), is Hardy trying to show the unavoidable connection of life and death? * Seven lines to each stanza perhaps represent a week, just as the four stanzas represent the seasons? Very poor allusion. Themes: Death, Family life, Time, The Seasons. Difficult Language Notes: â€Å"Blithely† means â€Å"happily†. First Stanza Notes: â€Å"They sing their dearest songs – He, she, all of them – yea, Treble and tenor and bass, And one to play; With the candles mooning each face†¦ Ah, no, the years O! How the sick leaves reel down in throngs!† This poem is one full of repetition and refrain. The general layout of each stanza, in terms of theme, organisation and repetition of certain lines, remains constant. Each stanza, for example, opens with an image of a family – presumably the same one throughout – in a place, or carrying out an action, in a unified and â€Å"happy† way. This stanza evokes a scene of the Victorian family gathered, singing, around a piano (â€Å"one to play†), as piano playing and â€Å"sing-a-long† was, of course, very common in Hardy’s time. Note how he only uses personal pronouns; distancing effect? Hardy goes to perhaps extreme lengths to show the family’s unity. On a critical note, one could criticise his rather inefficient use of the first four lines of this poem, but that is not our aim. Some analysis: * â€Å"They sing their dearest songs†. Note the use of a superlative adjective in â€Å"dearest†. It is the first of many. We may query its meaning; perhaps it indicates a certain reverence to familial attitude, both in Hardy and in the family itself. They are enjoying it! * â€Å"He, she, all of them.† Illustrates a togetherness within the family – one which (as Hardy will later comment upon) Death inevitably overcomes. The following line regarding the different musical voice (â€Å"Treble and tenor and bass†) illustrates a similar thing, but is used to point out that Death affects all elements of family, regardless of age. How very depressing – we’re only at line 3! Even better, he does this in all stanzas. * â€Å"– yea† Note use of colloquial (conversational) affirmative. Not only is it used to force the rhyme scheme, but it contrasts with the later â€Å"Ah, no†, which is negative. Hardy does this in all stanzas. Without jumping ahead, however, it is simply a friendly comment of approval. * â€Å"With the candles mooning each face† Night time scene. Interesting, seeing as it contrasts with the other images presented, which are all in bright daylight. * â€Å"Ah, no; the years O!† Thus we encounter the â€Å"inter-stanzaic volta†. Not only does the rhyme scheme depart from regularity (We label the sixth line in all stanzas the ‘D’ rhyme, as it is the only line not to have a rhyming companion). It signifies a departure from the pleasant theme of the unadulterated joy of family life, and an arrival at the theme of its death – or the fact that it is all going â€Å"to pass† eventually. As before mentioned, the â€Å"Ah, no;† contrasts with the previous affirmative. The actual sense of this line is rather obscure. We assume that Hardy is implicitly commenting on the fact that â€Å"the years† take away/ damage the family life – as they pass, so does the family and its happiness. â€Å"O!† is an ejaculation, expressing sadness or mourning for the family. * â€Å"How the sick leaves reel down in throngs!† Hardy furthers his ideas about death. Here is a line referring to the autumnal decay of life – leaves falling – and the way in which it precedes Death. Note how the leaves, when considered in â€Å"throngs†, may represent people? In the same way, a â€Å"reel† is a type of dance; is this (a slightly sick) dance of death? Unlikely, but we must remember that Hardy has no qualms with tragic irony. Second Stanza Notes: â€Å"They clear the creeping moss – Elders and juniors – aye, Making the pathways neat and the garden gay; And they build a shady seat†¦ Ah, no; the years, the years; See the white storm-birds wing across!† Once again, Hardy begins his stanza with an image of the family, this time in the garden – presumably in spring, as suggested by the fact that they are clearing the remains of winter (â€Å"the creeping moss†), whilst he describes the garden as â€Å"gay†. One can immediately recognise the structural similarities shared with the first stanza, as well as the meaning behind the â€Å"pleasant† image. * Note that Hardy now observes that both â€Å"Elders and juniors† participate – again, he differentiates between the different members of the family, but now uses the factor of age, as opposed to musical voices. This serves only to strengthen the original analysis; that unity may be visible and, indeed, enjoyable, but it is only fleeting in the face of Death. Lovely†¦ * Observe how the family’s actions are arranged around both â€Å"making the place neat/pretty† and around comfort. â€Å"Making pathways neat† and â€Å"building a shady seat† have only temporary effects upon happiness – the â€Å"moss† will grow back, the pathways will become untidy in time, when Winter (representing Death and decay) comes. Thus we find that Hardy is setting up, within his â€Å"pleasant† image, the backdrop upon which he wishes to point out that all happiness, joy – and life itself – is fleeting. * Or is it an image of the â€Å"futility of human endeavour† – the weather will erode the order imposed upon it, and ultimately Death will prevail? * On an aside: evidence for the scene being set in spring: if the seat is shady, then surely the sun must be out in broad daylight – not a symptom commonly associated with the Wintry illness! Ah, no; the years, the years; See the white storm-birds wing across! And yet, on cue, Hardy revives his alternative theme – this time with a slightly different D rhyme/phrase. The colloquial negative remains, but Hardy uses the echo of â€Å"the years† to emphasize the passage of time. He uses the same phrase in the fourth stanza, yet repeats the primary ejaculation in the third stanza (they alternate). The final line of the stanza is rather interesting. â€Å"Storm-birds† sound like mythical beasts – perhaps the extremity of phrase reflects that of Death? – yet they are most likely geese, flying away before Winter comes. It is not as disturbing an image as that of the leaves â€Å"reeling†, but it again points to the same idea. The use of strong verbs in all final lines in all stanza adds to their strength: â€Å"reel† in Stanza One, â€Å"wing† in the second, etc. â€Å"To wing† itself is an unusual choice, perhaps adding to a sense of the supernatural. Think back to â€Å"Neutral Tones† and the â€Å"ominous bird a-wing†. The verb has the same effect here. Third Stanza Notes: â€Å"They are blithely breakfasting all – Men and maidens – yea, Under the summer tree, With a glimpse of the bay, While pet fowl come to the knee†¦ Ah, no; the years O! And the rotten rose is ript from the wall.† Here Hardy is at last explicit about the season and its effects; much as Autumn and Winter are representative of Death and decay, spring and summer bear idyllic delights. In this stanza, we find ourselves in the latter. One cannot â€Å"overdo† the emphasis which Hardy applies to the seasons. He pictures human life as tragically linear, whilst comparing it to the inevitably cyclical seasons. In the end, the seasons – especially Winter – bring about the decay of a finite life. And yet, to begin with, this stanza suggests that the family are blissfully unaware of that fact. * Once again, we find the family in unity and happy – seeing as they are â€Å"blithely breakfasting† – suggesting a disregard for the potential decay and sadness. They appear to live in the happy present. * It has been suggested that the family have now grown up, seeing as they are now described as â€Å"Men and maidens† as opposed to â€Å"Elders and juniors†. Side point – no way to substantiate claim. Of course, now Hardy differentiates between them using sex – all the more differences which Death can overcome. * Allusions to an Arcadian ideal – a perfect landscape, full of happiness – are impossible to avoid. â€Å"Under the summer tree / With a glimpse of the bay†; it sounds more like Tuscany than Britain! Of course, Hardy is not that explicit. The â€Å"bay† may just as well be a bay tree, as much as a bit of coastland. Still, the image remains idyllic. And yet, â€Å"I [Death] am here†. * â€Å"The pet fowl† may represent a further source of happiness – domesticated or agricultural livestock have always been kept for the happiness of one’s stomach or one’s heart. Either will do. More human endeavour to be laid waste to by Death? Here, as usual, the poem breaks away and returns to the original ejaculation about the years passing. Note how the â€Å"O!† lengthens the line – it slows the reader down. Otherwise analysed above. The final image evocative of Death, however, is of our greatest interest: â€Å"The rotten rose is ript from the wall.† Again, an ambiguous phrase creates the sense of sickening mystery which Death itself possesses. Not only does the obvious alliteration of the â€Å"r† sound mount both the tension and force placed upon the final verb, but it also mirrors the ugly nature of the act itself. â€Å"Ript† is merely an archaic spelling of â€Å"ripped† – the sense is the same and bears the same strength. Yet who, or what, rips up the rose? Obviously, the image is representative of Death claiming a life; the verb suggests an unpleasant or untimely death. Quote SLS: â€Å"A complete severance from life†. Perhaps we can extrapolate this further to make a comment on the cruelty of Death in Hardy’s eyes? It may well be the wind. This would fit with the title, although we must still ponder the incongruous preposition, â€Å"during†. Perhaps the entire image is metaphorical, and Death is simply tearing a previously beautiful flower (â€Å"rotten† is probably representative of â€Å"old†) away from life? Fourth Stanza Notes: â€Å"They change to a high new house, He, she, all of them – aye, Clocks and carpets and chairs On the lawn all day, And the brightest things that are theirs†¦ Ah, no; the years, the years; Down their carved names the rain-drop ploughs.† Clearly the family have grown wealthier, to move house – and, it seems, they have moved quite literally â€Å"up† in the world, as it is a â€Å"high† one. One may question whether this stanza overly reflects upon the materialistic joys of the world. Maybe that is Hardy’s intention. I doubt, however, that this is an explicit attack upon those who value material objects; rather a memento mori, in that, despite the temporary pleasure of wealth and possessions, Death will always claim victory. Deeper analysis: * Note how we have returned to â€Å"He, she, all of them†. Have we come round in a full generational cycle? * The weather remains good, as the family display their possessions on the lawn, presumably as they either prepare to move them to the new house from the old, or simply before they have been properly installed. Clearly Hardy is using summer to represent joy and prosperity. * The language bears little complexity – hence little analysis! Is this done to reflect the simple, but enjoyable, pleasures of materialistic desires and good weather? * â€Å"Brightest things which are theirs†. Note another superlative. Relevance/ importance, other than to add emphasis? (Have previously analysed the secondary ejaculation. Now repeated.) The final image of the poem is possibly the most interesting, dramatic and explicit. â€Å"Down their carved names the rain-drop ploughs.† Here Hardy at last makes an explicit reference to the subject of death, in that their â€Å"carved names† are grave stones, whilst also tying in the title (with the reference to the weather). Primarily, we are shocked by the contrast; clearly, Hardy is imagining the same individuals with whom we are now familiar (as â€Å"the family†) as being dead. They have been buried. This is a very sudden and rather upsetting realisation. Hardy very successfully makes his point about the frailty and temporal nature of life. Their successes and happiness are irrelevant. How depressing! Worse, Hardy suggests that the weather erodes them not only in life, but also destroys (â€Å"ploughs†) their memory in death; the rain drop appears to be eroding away the names from the stones. This insensitivity contrasts with the use of â€Å"names†, which are highly personal. Perhaps, however, Hardy intends â€Å"ploughs† to be positive. As in the agricultural sense, the rain drop prepares for new growth? Final note: Is the narrator writing the poem in the grave-yard? Are the images he recollects merely his memories of a family now dead – the images of Death are all happening around him â€Å"during wind and rain†? Clever point. Perhaps.

Mechanistic versus Organic Organisational Structures Essay

With this in mind, organizations turn to management to combat the budding problem, through organizing. Organizing involves the structuring of the resources of the organization in order to achieve its objectives. This structuring includes: *Dividing tasks into jobs (Adam Smith 1700’s). *Assigning jobs. *Clustering of jobs into units, departments etc. to form the shape of the organization. *Delegating authority and establishing a chain of command. However, we cannot see the management function of organizing as the sole function of the manager, in order to combat these changes (individuals and groups in organizations will inevitably contribute to organizing the organization by the way they â€Å"do† or â€Å"don’t do† activities). Organizing involves the way people impose meanings, interpret actions and make responses to things, when they cannot make sense of these things; people reinterpret them according to their own views and often try to impose them on others. Therefore, the organizational structure is strengthened, through  various means for example performance appraisal, different pay rates etc. In light of this, they are many factors to consider for organizations to design the type of structure which best suits the way they wish to achieve their goals. What design is finally agreed upon depends on a number of decisions such as: *Do we want/need to decentralize decision making. *Are they needs to deal with problems such as the effect of structure on communications; staff/line conflict especially the tension between employees and experts and line managers; centralization versus decentralization etc. This leads to the most important question, which design options should be considered, but before considering however, there are a number of variables which need to be taken into account with design options such as strategy, size, technology and the environment surrounding the organization before any decisions can be made. Although these differences between organizations or enormous, they are many similarities that enable them to be classified into models. Two of these extreme models are mechanistic and organic which was developed by Tom Burns & G M Stalker in there study of electronics firms in the United Kingdom. Mechanistic and organic management systems are at opposite ends of the range of design systems that organizations adopt, firms can move along this range from one end to the other, or occupy positions in between (boundaryless organization) depending on the nature of there work, and changing circumstances. The kinds of practices organizations choose along the range vary according to whether the environment is stable, and the technological conditions are well understood (when mechanistic management is appropriate), or whether the environment is highly unpredictable, with rapid technological change and boundless market opportunities, (when organic management is appropriate). However, my focus is on the organic design structure, organic structures have a flat or horizontal structure with only one or two levels of management where the employee’s knowledge or expertise in their area is shared in the organization. This teamwork atmosphere allows knowledge to be shared in the organization which plays an important role in the day to day running of the business. Clearly in organizations where the structure is horizontal, all employees contribute and have a share of knowledge and expertise within the organization. The insight on this was as a result of the Burns and Stalker’s study, where they provided the clearest analysis on the organic design system, they stated it had: *Work organized in a way to avoid specifying individual tasks *Communication, patterns which are: 1) Unending and detailed which are at the helm of the decision making process. 2) Completely free and informal 3) Vertical and horizontal as needed to get the job done. *An informal and constantly changing pattern of authority as roles of the organization tries to reshape itself to address new problems and tackle any unforeseen possibilities. *Responsibility of employees to the whole task confronting the organization. *Authority is invested in the employees with the appropriate knowledge, skill and expertise. This type of structure features a decentralized approach to management. Decentralization is where there is a delegation of authority to lower levels of the organization, where more emphasis is placed on employee skills and capability and the atmosphere is a more comfortable and amiable for the employees to work. However, where the actual decision making should be done by the higher levels of management depends upon the organization and the circumstances surrounding the problem that has arisen. The organic design structure also gives rise to the divisional approach where departments are grouped together to attain the specific goals of the organization whether it be a specific product or service provided by the organization. This approach is based mainly in large corporations who provide products or services for different markets or geographical locations and each department must be self sufficient. With this approach managers would not be delayed in their decision making process by the higher levels of management, the head office just acts as a support system and focuses more on strategic planning for the organization Although they are several additives which can be derived from the divisional approach there are also obstacles that can arise as well. While this approach tends to be flexible and adaptable to changes surrounding the organization, since management has the freedom in there decision making process without unnecessary consultation with higher levels of management, this freedom sometimes tends to lead to repetition of time, efforts and energies on a hopeless project. Consequently, the adoption of the organic management structure for the organization means that the old classical management techniques of job descriptions, job grading, and methods used to identify the completion of tasks will be no more. It will be where managers set broad goals, which they support by providing resources to those with the knowledge, abilities, experience and skills to achieve them. The employees become the experts while on the other hand managers become the facilitators to provide the right conditions and remove barriers which effect performance. It must be made clear, those organizations that are met with the natural uncertainty of the environment, must respond in ways to match this uncertainty, rather than trying to reduce it. This means that rather than adopting the traditional approach where management is viewed as the controlling of subordinates in the mechanistic design  which can only function effectively under a stable environment. They must  adopt the organic design structure which is not one of controlling and systemizing, but one of facilitating and nurturing of employees to produce to the best of their abilities in order to achieve the organizations goals and objectives when these changes occur. The mechanistic design is without a doubt, not the right model regardless of how many tools, steps and measures are classified for managing in this way. Clearly, when goals of the organization are unclear and the methods for achieving them uncertain, managing in the new innovative way (organic style) can only prove to be productive for the organization. BIBLIOGRAPHY Daft, R. L., Marcic, D. ( 1995 ). Understanding Management. Second Edition. The Dryden Press. Daft, R. L., Marcic, D. ( 2001 ). Understanding Management. Third Edition. Harcourt. Mintzberg, H, (1979). The Structuring of Organizations. Prentice Hall . Clearly our deeply embedded ideas (culture) about the management of activities need to include more emphasis on the building of relationships and the development of communication (organic design) rather than using the traditional approach where management is viewed as the controlling of subordinates (mechanistic design). Without a doubt this is not the right model regardless of how many tools, steps and measures are classified for managing in this way.