Homwork Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homwork - Assignment Example This process involves gathering the ethically relevant facts about the issue and determining whose account of the facts counts. It involves obtaining all the relevant perspectives regarding the issue at hand. The step requires reviewing the organizations policies and guidelines to get guidance on the particular problem. The step may also identify if the policies and guidelines are consistent with the applicable state laws. Organization ethics issues include, The step involves considering the options and the consequences for the issue. It requires considering who may be affected by the decisions. It involves determining which option will produce the best results and do least harm. The step requires a lot of consultation with professional knowledgeable about the ethical issue in order to make the right decision. This involves identifying the candidate choice and testing its validity. It involves determining the impact of the decision to the staff, clients, stakeholders, the environment and the future generations. It requires identifying either the decision take cultural differences into account. It requires me as the decision maker to be free from external influence and to be calm and in an unstressed state of mind. The step requires my reflection on to whether the decision will seem to be a good idea in the future (Johnson, 2012). This step involves applying the ethical principle to the candidate decision. It requires asking myself questions such as to whether the choice will result in the greatest good, whether it’s fair and of benefit to all concerned. Moreover, if the choice would treat the others the same way I would want to be treated. This is the final step of the decision-making process. It involves making a decision after considerations such as willingness to accept responsibility for the decision. It requires confident communication of the decision and the rationale to the stakeholders. The next thing that follows

Police Officer Job Description Essay Example for Free

Police Officer Job Description Essay Police officers in cooperation with the general public are in front line to fight and prevent criminal activities. The officers respond to the needs of the people in the community. With the use of technology, the officers should be able to gather enough information that can help in the prosecution of offenders. The police officer is required to carry out some specific duties as directed by the shift sergeant, as a way of maintaining and enforcing laws. The officer has to investigate complaints, ensure order is maintained, help people, and identify criminals. Identifying problems associated with enforcing law, conflict resolution, and assisting the public whenever need be are also part of the officer’s duties. You will also be called to carry out some activities that require physique such as containing violent people or animals, and be able to run fast when responding to distress calls. The supervision for the officers is carried out in a general form (Higher Education Careers Professionals, 2008). Essential duties As an officer, there are essential duties you have to perform, but there are other duties that you might be required to carry out as well. The main duties include detecting and apprehending those who act against the laws. The officer will be required to take necessary steps incase of physical hazards and law breaking activities by criminals. You are also required to take necessary actions whenever there are distress and emergence calls (LS/TB/JO, 2006). While on shift, you will be required to carry out investigations on issues that might occur during the period, and come up with the best action to take. As an officer, you have to reassure the community of their safety by ensuring frequent presence. In all these, you will be required to write a report indicating all activities that took place while on shift. Finally, you have to complete a departmental report that will have to be forwarded to the relevant authorities (Higher Education Careers Professionals, 2008). Minor duties may include; carrying out a review on reports about the incidences occurring while on duty, giving testimony about such incidences, and finally, you will be required to carry out any duty assigned by the supervisor. Education, Ability and Skills Applicants must be at least high school graduates, but priority will be given to college graduates. The applicants should not be less than 21 years of age. The applicants should exhibit the ability to identify problems and come up with sound solutions from analyzing all the available alternatives. In case of unexpected situations, you should show the ability to respond very quickly and swiftly. There are different working conditions which you must have the ability to work in all of them. In case of emergency, you must have the ability to work with the patrol car, and must be able to get in and out of it easily. There is a physical and agility test that all the applicants must be able to pass during their graduation. With the increased technological use, you need to have knowledge of computer usage and cameras. Applicants must be able to communicate fluently both verbally and written means, to the departmental members and the entire public (LS/TB/JO, 2006). In general, the duties of the police expose the officers to the challenging tasks and diverse activities. After serving as a police officer for sometime, one is entitled to rise to the other specialized areas like the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

TV News :: essays research papers

TV News I started mowing lawns in my neighborhood when I was only 12. It was the only way I could put money in my pocket. I had several yards and I usually started early Saturday morning and worked right through about midday. There is something euphoric about mowing a lawn. It really gives you lots of time to think about almost anything. It was while doing this that I came across my love for TV. I remember mowing the yards one Saturday after my girlfriend and I had broken up. It was all I could do to keep it off my mind. I started thinking that there had to be other people my age out there with problems and then I wondered; how do other teenagers solve their problems. I thought about it and decided that if they didn’t have a way I was going to come up with one. So I came up with the idea of a teen talk show and pitched it to the manager of the government access station here in town. Teen Link was the name of the show and we discussed everything from breaking up with your significant other to dealing with the loss of a loved one. Although the show is no longer in production it really allowed me to get my feet wet in what was going to be the start of a hopefully long and prosperous career in broadcasting. Working for a news station now I realize how far government TV was from the reality of TV news but a career in news can be particularly exciting. The variety of the job, the gratification of communicating to thousands of people, the fast paced atmosphere makes the job not only exciting but extremely demanding. In general people don’t realize how many people it takes to put on a single newscast. Often times it takes a crew of 10 or 12 to make the news come alive. The most coveted position though out of all of those jobs is anchor. The anchor, or broadcast news analyst, analyze, and interpret news and deliver then news, introduce packages and live reports from reporters in the field. Although it looks like they have it made they probably have one of the toughest jobs in the station. In general the smaller the market is the more work an anchor is going to do. In small markets they will write and produce most of the newscast, as well as the teases and promo spots you see before the afternoon and late night newscasts.

Net Widening: Big Brother Is Watching You

Privacy is a right that many Americans take for granted. Americans, for the most part, feel that they have privacy. But do they really? In order for one to achieve individuality and autonomy one must have privacy, which is the key factor. For the rapid advances in technology, however, one exchanges their privacy. Should one happen to use a computer to use the Internet, for example, their level of privacy is decreased substantially as you open the door to social control. As Orwell says in 1984, â€Å"Big Brother is watching you. † Ever since the creation of the Internet, more specifically the World Wide Web, the government has utilized Orwellian tactics of surveillance. â€Å"Many parts of the Internet are still kind of like the raw frontier and the Government wants to stake its claim† (TechnoCulture). For instance, in December of 1995, news was released concerning the Government’s intention to fund another ten thousand closed circuit surveillance systems. Even though civil libertarians were assured this action had no sinister motive, responses from most were leery to say the least (â€Å"Big Brother†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This technology is very similar to that which Steven Mann, MIT computer specialist, uses. His â€Å"wearable wireless webcam† provides anyone logged onto his Internet home address live views of his daily routine. â€Å"The Internet is sprouting eyes. And ears. And vending machines, hot tubs, coffeepots, robot gardeners, and model railroads. The armada of devices plugged into the Internet, in fact, is transforming the network into a bizarre place that falls somewhere between George Orwell’s 1984 and Candid Camera run amok† (TechnoCulture). Intel currently uses the same technology for the cameras they sell for consumers to put on top of their monitors in order to be seen by others. This technology is inside your very computer monitor (â€Å"Eyes On The Net†). How do you know it’s not being utilized to oversee you? Is Big Brother watching you? â€Å"A year ago, there were only a few devices connected to the Internet that any person could freely use. But the number of devices is exploding. Uses for these things are as diverse as a person’s imagination. As devices have proliferated, imaginative applications of telepresence technology have attracted a huge following among rank-and-file Internet users. The implications of such devices have devastating potential† (â€Å"Eyes On The Net†). Another bit of a shocker is that Web pages can actually keep track of the Internet addresses of visitors. This intrinsically is a complete invasion of privacy. Just imagine someone else knows about every Web page you go to. So what? What’s the big deal? The big deal is that this infringement of privacy strips one of their individuality and autonomy. This form of social control can kill individuality. According to JM Balkin, â€Å"Each of us has both a public and private self; the public self we reveal to the world, and the private self we retain control over by withholding it from others. Our ability to provide or withhold aspects of our private selves preserves and constitutes our autonomy. The exchanges of private information, signal intimacy and trust, and their disclosure to third parties is usually thought of as a sign of betrayal† (Understanding†¦). Even if one is unaware of the infringement against them it will still harm their individuality because what you withhold from others is a part of what makes up your individuality. Once others know what you don’t want them to, your individuality is opened and destroyed (Understanding†¦). These violations are already presented in several businesses and educational institutions throughout America (â€Å"WARNING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). These violations produce what Edward Bloustein describes as â€Å"†¦a being that is not an individual. â€Å"A man compelled to live every minute of his life among others and whose every need, thought, fancy, or gratification is subject to public scrutiny merges with the mass and is deprived of individuality and human dignity. † (â€Å"Privacy as an†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). When a collective conscience, in this instance the government, penetrates deeply into everyday affairs, what seems to be trivial can soon escalate into devastation. Privacy vi olations are no different from Nazi totalitarianism. In totalitarian governments, like Nazi Germany, the collective conscience can penetrate all relations between individuals. Such totalitarian governments have killed approximately 115 million people. Once America is filled with non-autonomous drones and a totalitarian stage is set, government genocide, massacres, and other mass killings could likely take place as well. No matter how extreme the possibilities, they must be looked at. Another example of social control is utilized widely on the Internet by the Government but is not as Orwellian as the previous examples. Internet censorship is a form of privacy invasion. The very essence of the Internet is absolute freedom. It’s a cyber-anarchy in which there is peace. However, buried within the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is a clause restricting indecent material from being transmitted across the Internet. â€Å"Note that this is indecent material, not obscene material. There is, in the legal sense, a difference. Obscenity, which is not protected by the First Amendment, must meet this three-pronged test: An average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find the material appeals to prurient interest. The material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by law. And, the material, taken as a whole, must lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. That is the law's definition of obscenity, and it is not protected by the First Amendment. It is illegal in all mediums Internet included. What we are talking about is indecency, which is a whole new ball game. These laws will criminalize material ‘available to a person under 18 years of age that depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs. ’ This is basically fancy talk for indecent material† (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). That is much broader than the three-pronged definition. It hypothetically includes anything from objectionable music lyrics to movie sound clips to drug store pornography. This is stuff that is all legal, although some of it to people 18 and older. Yet the bill labels it to be illegal to ALL when on the Internet. Whether in electronic form or in a magazine, the material is unchanged. Yet its restrictions change dramatically. While its intentions may be pure the government cannot be allowed to establish the precedent of censoring legal material in any medium at all (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). Once this happens, we are one step closer to George Orwell's 1984, where not only computers, but thought as well, are regulated by the Powers That Be† (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). Now one must also look to the opposite end of the spectrum in all fairness. The technological advances may be worth the sacrifice, if there even is one. As a practical matter, scie ntists and engineers see real advantages to telepresence. NASA routinely guides spacecraft millions of miles away, but the Internet offers rudimentary telepresence for the masses. Astronomers at the University of Georgia and three other southeastern universities now operate a 30-inch robot telescope on a mountain in Arizona without ever leaving their offices. Internet users can access government data buoys in the middle of the ocean to check local wind and wave conditions. Californians can now track stream-flow in remote rivers from instruments connected to the Internet. Anyone on the World Wide Web can access a battery of â€Å"weathercams† enabling him or her to actually see the weather. â€Å"Given the groundswell of interest, the day may not be so far off when people water their own plants from afar. Maybe they’ll even figure out a way to feed the cat and walk the dog via the Internet† (TechnoCulture). Does this technology have to be bad? Steven Mann stated: â€Å"Sometimes women ask me to give them a safe escort back to the dorm. If we really want safer streets, maybe we should distribute cameras like mine to everyone. In addition to having a little fun, wearable videocams could become personal safety devices† (TechnoCulture). In fact, this same surveillance technology has succeeded in trapping under-age drinkers and drug users on tape. Police have also used the technology to target local criminals. The video evidence has proven incontrovertible thus leading to swift punishment and safer communities. Just like anything of great responsibility, in the right hands this new technological era can bring forth much good, however, in the wrong hands can bring forth much peril. These advances bring societies closer to Orwellian ones but they also better the societies. If the abuse of this technology does indeed exist, all there is now is the speculation of such an activity. Hopefully it will stay that way. Is Big Brother Watching You? Works Cited Balkin, JM â€Å"Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence† (1993) 103 Yale Law Journal 105-176. 1997. â€Å"Big Brother is watching you. † Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://malone. math. soton. ac/postgraduate/students/ Polton/December_1995. html Edward J. Bloustein. â€Å"Privacy as an aspect of human dignity – An Answer to Dean Prosser. † Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology, ed. Ferdinand Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) 177. â€Å"Eyes On the Net. † Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://www. mitchell. net/article. htm Orwell, George. 1984 New York, Signet. 1949 â€Å"TechnoCulture Archive† Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://www. mitchell. net/ant/article. htm â€Å"WARNI NG: Big Brother is watching you† Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW:http://www. diku. dk/students/ballerp/big-brother. html

Grade 10 english Essay

Compare and Contrast the relationship between the Students and their Teacher in â€Å"Students† and â€Å"Crow Lake. † Both the poem â€Å"Students† by Tom Wayman and the short story â€Å"Crow Lake† by Mary Lawson highlight the challenges that teachers face with their students. While Wayman explores the generation gap between himself and the kids in his class, Lawson provides an anecdote of a lecture where she suddenly realizes that she is not cut out for teaching. From the two pieces we learn how important relationships can be when given the responsibility of teaching students. Firstly, the autobiographical poem begins with the teacher being shocked at the age of the students: â€Å"Wayman was sure the computer was in error† (line 3). This reaction foreshadows the generation gap that makes it difficult for him to communicate with the teenagers in his class. Furthermore, when he says, â€Å"The wisdom of the students/ hadn’t altered, though,† (lines 9-10) we see that he respects the ability of the students; he just questions their motivations for learning. Wayman uses a series of metaphors like â€Å"The Vaccination Theory of Education,† and, â€Å"The Dipstick Theory,† to show how students learn in different ways. The tone of the lyric poem if slightly satirical but, from the ideas explored by the author, we start to appreciate the challenges that he faces coping with children from this generation. Similar to Wayman, Lawson faces challenges with her University students. While Wayman remains positive and continues to battle against this gap, Lawson has an epiphany and realizes that she has been â€Å"boring† her students. While Wayman is an experienced teacher, Lawson is more of a research expert and, as she identifies, she finds, â€Å"it hard to relate to students† (p14). Lawson uses flashback to show her passion for nature and, as she realizes that the students have not had the same experience and that is why they are indifferent to her lesson, she realizes it is her fault that they are not engaged: â€Å"And now I was putting the entire class to sleep† (p16). Unlike Wayman, Lawson decides to leave the lecture hall and, we can assume, she makes a decision that will end her teaching career. By the end of the story Lawson has realized her limitations. To conclude, both texts imply that it can be very difficult for teachers to relate to students. In a world where education is so important, we learn that the teacher has a responsibility to be creative and inspire students to learn rather than just assess them with a letter grade or drag them through material in a way that is very boring.

Leadership in organizations

Leadership in organizations Leadership is the ability of a person in charge to influence the mannerisms of his/her juniors in ranking, in a positive manner to compel them to follow his/her directions. Effective leadership is essential in any organization for success to be a habit. Good leadership is like a black smith’s fire.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It transforms potential into reality with little compromise, and this is a necessity in any organization that is to survive for the foreseeable future. Leadership relies on evolution, to bring new strategies suitable to the ever changing organization environment. The environment has a push effect if the response to the stimuli is inadequate. Organizations tend to stumble if not fail as a whole (Northouse, 4). A good leader is charismatic. In all situations, good leaders make others feel good about them by bringing out the be st. Commitment is also an indispensable trait. This is because excellence is not in a performance but the building of a habit of pure success. Communication is vital to a leader because it allows all organs of an organization to perform at optimal levels and troubleshoot quickly in case of underachievement. All levels in an organization need to interact effectively to achieve success. Information flow should not be hampered by rank imposed barriers for this tends to break water down the improvements communication brings. Competence is also vital. An efficient leader achieves this by planning, following through to the latter, and achieving without compromise his set of goals. A good leader is a good listener. The ability to set good goals comes from the ability to receive input whether good or bad from the effectors. Positive response is essential to this stimulus for a leader to be excellent (Bose, 164). Management techniques have helped develop leadership theories for organizations . Several theories are benefactors to this fact. Trait theory is one of the leadership theories that were commonly in use, in the past. This theory has a superman trait describing the leader. The leader has traits comparable to none within the organization. The flaw of this theory is in stating that leaders are a product of inheritance but not of the environment. The second common theory is the behavioral theory. This states that leaders are a product of the environment and not product of inheritance. This acknowledges the environment as a shaping factor of an individual’s traits. It also accepts that good leaders learn and perfect what they learn.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Participative theory is the third common theory. This theory involves everybody in the organization. Decisions are a product of consensus of all people within the organization. Its pillar is that active participation increases output levels above board. This theory also tames competition as it fosters group work within the elements of the organization. Several refinements of this theory are available, but the greatest drawback is that decision making is extremely slow. The fourth common theory is situational leadership. This states that the best decisions are factors of current conditions. It defines an effective leader as one un-bound by common procedure, but one able to toggle between many decisions dependent on the unique situation. Situational leadership is sensitive to the leader and organizational members (Winkler, 75). All these are constituents of an effective and responsive leader in an organization. Thus, they underpin good leadership and achievement of organizational goals. Bose, D C. Principles of Management and Administration. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India, 2002. Print. Northouse, Peter G. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2010. Print. Winkler, Ingo. Contemporary Leadership Theories: Enhancing the Understanding of the  Complexity, Subjectivity and Dynamic of Leadership. Berlin: Physica-Verlag, 2010. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Christianity Essays - Conceptions Of God, Philosophy Of Religion

Christianity Essays - Conceptions Of God, Philosophy Of Religion Christianity Christianity is a religion in which events are claimed to have occured but which can never be proved. Those who practice it live by different morals than are preached by the most holy texts. It is an institution in which the most holy scripture is contradictory, and wherein the supreme being, by the very definition, cannot exist. Christianity is, therefore, a fundamentally flawed religion. According to the Bible, events have occured which are even more miraculous than the resurection of Jesus Christ. Events such as the stopping of the sun by Joshua (Joshua 10:12-14), the reversal of the sun's course by Isaiah (Isaiah 38:7-8) , the resurrection of the saints, and their subsequent appearance to many (Matthew 27:52-53) were witnessed by thousands of people. The stopping and reversal of the sun would have been visible worldwide. The idea that people could have witnessed these events without having been amazed by them is, quite simply, ludicrous. Other cultures having witnessed this would certainly have offered their own explanations in keeping with their own cultural and religious beliefs. Surely a society existing at the time would have documented this miraculous event. Yet nowhere have such works been found. In the instance of the resurrection of the saints, Matthew is the only person to mention this occurence in the Bible. Surely other first-century Christians would have used this as further proof of Jesus' divinty. It would fall to reason that Paul and the gospels would have mentioned it. This is not, however, the case. Nowhere else in the Bible is this mentioned or even hinted at. These events are then, at best, highly unlikely to have occured. The fact that Matthew is alone in writing of the resurrection of the saints leads us to believe that certain writers of the Bible had differing views on christianity. The christian Bible is highly contradictory, not just to modern day christian beliefs, but in and of itself. Today's society is of the belief that all people are created equal, and Christians submit that their god is of the same belief. Modern Christians believe that their god loves everyone, and that they are all equal. However, after Adam and Eve had eaten from the tree forbidden by god, this deity said to Eve "I will intensify the pangs of your childbearing; in pain shall you bring forth children. Yet your urge shall be for your husband, and he shall be your master." (Genesis 3:16). This tells us that, according to the Christian religion, women shall naturally be dominated by men. This kind of behavior is not conducive to a being who believes in inherent equality. Women are repeadtedly treated as objects and told to be submissive in the Bible. "According to the rule observed in all the assemblies of believers, women should keep silent in such gatherings. Rather, as the law indicates, submissiveness is indicated for them. If they want to learn anything, they should ask their husbands at home. It is a disgrace when a woman speaks in the assembly." (1 Corinthians 14:34-35). "Man was not made from woman but woman from man. Neither was man created for woman but woman for man. For this reason, a woman ought to have a sign of submission on her head." (1 Corinthians 11:8-10). The Bible also permits bondage. "Slaves, male and female, you may indeed possess, provided you buy them from among neighboring the nations. You may also buy them from among the aliens who reside with you and from their children who are born and raised in their land. Such slaves you may own as chattels, and leave to your sons as their hereditary property, making them perpetual slaves." (Leviticus 25:44-46). This same Bible gives laws on the punishment of slaves. "When a man strikes his slave with a rod so hard that the slave dies under his hand, he shall be punished. If, however, the slave survives for a day or two, he is not to be punished, since the slave is his own property." (Exodus 21:20-21) We find further examples of prejudice in Deuteronomy. In the Bible, it is stated that "No one whose testicles have been crushed or whose penis has been cut off may

Major Patrick Ferguson in the American Revolution

Major Patrick Ferguson in the American Revolution Patrick Ferguson - Early Life: The son of James and Anne Ferguson, Patrick Ferguson was born on June 4, 1744, in Edinburgh, Scotland. The son of a lawyer, Ferguson met many of figures of the Scottish Enlightenment during his youth such as David Hume, John Home, and Adam Ferguson. In 1759, with the Seven Years War raging, Ferguson was encouraged to pursue a military career by his uncle, Brigadier General James Murray. A well-known officer, Murray served under Major General James Wolfe at the Battle of Quebec later that year. Acting on his uncles advice, Ferguson purchased a cornets commission in the Royal North British Dragoons (Scots Greys). Patrick Ferguson - Early Career: Rather than immediately join his regiment, Ferguson spent two years studying at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich. In 1761, he traveled to Germany for active service with the regiment. Shortly after arriving, Ferguson fell ill with an ailment in his leg. Bedridden for several months, he was unable to rejoin the Greys until August 1763. Though capable of active duty, he was plagued arthritis in his leg for the rest of his life. As the war had been concluded, he saw garrison duty around Britain for the next several years. In 1768, Ferguson purchased a captaincy in the 70th Regiment of Foot. Patrick Ferguson - The Ferguson Rifle: Sailing for the West Indies, the regiment served in garrison duty and later aided in putting down a slave revolt on Tobago. While there, he purchased a sugar plantation at Castara. Suffering from fever and issues with his leg, Ferguson returned to Britain in 1772. Two years later, he attended a light infantry training camp at Salisbury overseen by Major General William Howe. A skilled leader, Ferguson quickly impressed Howe with his ability in the field. During this period, he also worked on developing an effective breech-loading musket. Beginning with previous work by Isaac de la Chaumette, Ferguson created an improved design which he demonstrated on June 1. Impressing King George III, the design was patented on December 2 and was capable of firing six to ten rounds per minute. Though superior to the British Armys standard Brown Bess muzzle-loading musket in some ways, the Ferguson design was significantly more expensive and took much more time to produce. Despite these limitations, around 100 were produced and Ferguson was given command of an Experimental Rifle Company in March 1777 for service in the American Revolution. Patrick Ferguson - Brandywine Injury: Arriving in 1777, Fergusons specially equipped unit joined Howes army and participated in the campaign to capture Philadelphia. On September 11, Ferguson and his men took part in the Battle of Brandywine. In the course of the fighting, Ferguson elected not to fire at a high-ranking American officer for reasons of honor. Reports later indicated that it may have been either Count Casimir Pulaski or General George Washington. As the fighting progressed, Ferguson was hit by a musket ball that shattered his right elbow. With the fall of Philadelphia, he was taken to the city to recover. Over the next eight months, Ferguson endured a series of operations in the hope of saving his arm. These proved reasonably successful, though he never regained full use of the limb. During the course of his recovery, Fergusons rifle company was disbanded. Returning to active duty in 1778, he served under Major General Sir Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth. In October, Clinton dispatched Ferguson to Little Egg Harbor River in southern New Jersey to eliminate a nest of American privateers. Attacking on October 8, he burned several ships and buildings before withdrawing. Patrick Ferguson - South Jersey: Several days later, Ferguson learned that Pulaski was camped in the area and that the American position was lightly guarded. Attacking on October 16, his troops killed around fifty men before Pulaski arrived with aid. Due to the American losses, the engagement became known as the Little Egg Harbor Massacre. Operating from New York in early 1779, Ferguson conducted scouting missions for Clinton. In the wake of the American attack on Stony Point, Clinton directed him to oversee the defenses in the area. In December, Ferguson took command of the American Volunteers, a force of New York and New Jersey Loyalists. Patrick Ferguson - To the Carolinas: In early 1780, Fergusons command sailed as part of Clintons army which sought to capture Charleston, SC. Landing in February, Ferguson was accidently bayoneted in the left arm when Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarletons British Legion mistakenly attacked his camp. As the Siege of Charleston progressed, Fergusons men worked to cut off the American supply routes to the city. Joining with Tarleton, Ferguson aided in defeating an American force at Moncks Corner on April 14. Four days later, Clinton elevated him to major and backdated the promotion to the previous October. Moving to the north bank of the Cooper River, Ferguson took part in the capture of Fort Moultrie in early May. With the fall of Charleston on May 12, Clinton appointed Ferguson as inspector of militia for the region and charged him with raising units of Loyalists. Returning to New York, Clinton left Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis in command. In his role as inspector, he succeeded in raising around 4,000 men. After skirmishing with local militias, Ferguson was ordered to take 1,000 men west and guard Cornwallis flank as the army advanced into North Carolina. Patrick Ferguson - Battle of Kings Mountain: Establishing himself at Gilbert Town, NC on September 7, Ferguson moved south three days later to intercept a militia force led by Colonel Elijah Clarke. Before leaving, he sent a message to the American militias on the other side of the Appalachian Mountains ordering them to cease their attacks or he would cross the mountains and lay waste to their country with fire and sword. Enraged by Fergusons threats, these militias mobilized and on September 26 began moving against the British commander. Learning of this new threat, Ferguson began retreating south then east with the goal of reuniting with Cornwallis. In early October, Ferguson found that the mountain militias were gaining on his men. On October 6, he decided to make a stand and assumed a position on King Mountain. Fortifying the highest parts of the mountain, his command came under attack late the next day. During the Battle of Kings Mountain, the Americans surrounded the mountain and eventually overwhelmed Fergusons men. In the course of the fighting, Ferguson was shot from his horse. As he fell, his foot caught in the saddle and he was dragged into the American lines. Dying, the victorious militia stripped and urinated on his body before it buried in a shallow grave. In the 1920s, a marker was erected over Fergusons grave which now lies in Kings Mountain National Military Park. Selected Sources Patriot Resource: Patrick Ferguson Major Patrick Ferguson

Samgsung Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Samgsung Electronics - Essay Example The high quality of products is implicit, but never sufficient. Innovations are the key to success in these markets, but they come at a high price and are very easily copied. It takes a mix of luck, great management and a visionary business approach to make it in today’s overcrowded marketplace. Samsung, one of the largest Korean companies, begins its second century. The new digital era has brought revolutionary opportunities and changes to global business. Samsung has come up with solutions to these changes by upgrading its business structure, management perspective, and corporate culture to meet the new global standards (Samsung.com). Since its founding in 1938, Samsung has grown from a domestic industrial leader into a global consumer electronics powerhouse. The company is presently recognized as one of the world’s leaders in digital technology, holding the number one market share for thirteen products of the range (among which semiconductors, TFT-LCDs, monitors and CDMA mobile phones). These considered, the company’s target is an increase on this number to thirty in the following year. On the main priorities of the company is the research and development function, especially on the semiconductor line that includes flash memory and non-memory, custom semiconductors, DRAM and SRAM. The department in charge with this vital function comprises 13,000 researchers, and the financial investment is large - US$ 1.7 billion. But there is no other way in the technological fields, and the management at Samsung knows it better than anyone, having an experience of many decades. From a financial perspective, the company offers its clients services that have been appreciated and awarded. The Samsung Card is a payment solution that was selected as the "Best Card Company in the New Millennium" by MasterCard. This type of facilities and incentives for clients come as a plus to the products, more than a marketing tool – a long-term business development

Corporate social responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate social responsibility - Essay Example The research using accounting theories in this context will focus on the primary stakeholders without whom the company cannot survive. Studies on secondary stakeholders or non-economic shareholders, that is the ones who affect or influence, affected, or influenced, yet are not involved in transactions with a company are not very significant to its survival. According to research, while a number of stakeholders are interested in the business activities of the CSR, most of the stakeholders view their voluntarily developed reports to have insufficient credibility and generally, they are skeptical of the company’s social responsibility reporting. Given that this is a discussion question, the issue will be looked at from both perspectives of the context. We must first of all look at the different accounting theories and what they suggest about the work of CRS in a company then give a conclusion later. The stakeholder theory for instance extends legality arguments to regard not only society in its entirety but specific stakeholder groups. These stakeholders require various reports and companies will respond to their demands in a number of ways. According to scholars studying this theory, stakeholder management is a driver of corporate social responsibility activities and reports. ... Legitimacy theory is one of these theories and states that reporting serves as a communication mechanism to manipulate and at the same time inform the firm’s actions perceptions (Hodgson et al, 2010. P. 23). Some authors argue that information given by the CSR is founded on a political â€Å"social contract† among those in power, such as the government and the people who grant them that power. Further, reports provided within the social contract for example, involve financial reports meant for shareholders, but it is argued that such reports include relevant information to a broader range of stakeholders (Blackburn et al, 1994, p.201). A big percentage of the research done on CSR and the areas related to it by accounting academics up to the present times have been on how people account for environmental and social activities of companies. However, the big question can be raised to state if such accounting results in any change in organizational behavior, in terms of bei ng sustainable than it was before. Moir, 2001, argues that while this may be a challenging question, there is evidence of change in the responsibilities and routines in the organizations. This is mostly realized in the use of accounting techniques and tools as well as in the use of the accounts types that are produced by organizations. However, he does not stop at this point by stating that even though such changes are evident, deeper degrees of change to rationales and attitudes do not always occur and these organizations do not embrace the sustainability agenda as desired. In this regard therefore, the challenge remains to face business people, accountants, and the society at large to go on striving for attitudinal modifications about CSR if

Women Organizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women Organizations - Term Paper Example They have gird up their loins to fight back and find success. They are no longer the victims. Women have gained courage for fighting for their rights, their dignity, identity, freedom and several other factors. And the world has realized that the weaker sex is succeeding, amid the worst crises. Women organizations that fight for women rights uphold the cause of women who are negatively privileged. Organizations supply those valuable intangible tools that encourage women to support themselves and boldly fight for their rights. Women organizations that address women issues help women rebuild their communities and secure their futures. In the United States we can find innumerable women organizations that cry for women’s rights in different spheres of life. Such organizations also exist outside the United States. Almost all countries have organizations that serve as wings for women. These organizations uplift women and make them fight off oppression, violence and poor health. In t he United States Equal Rights Advocates (ERA) is one such organization that strives to uphold the rights of women. The organization attempts to advance the civil rights of women. They have been leading the legal fight for equality of women for more than thirty years. Since 1974, the organization is fighting to gain equal rights and opportunities for women. They attempt to protect and uphold the economic opportunities for females through advocacy and litigation. The litigation initiatives of the organization have helped women achieve the rights to equal opportunity. Passing the legislation will not cannot ensure that women get their rights. Cases should be brought to make sure that rights carried in the legislation are practically enforced. Litigation takes to greater protection of rights under the law. It is a true wake up call for the legislators. United States Equal Rights Advocates is a leader among the women rights associations. The organization aims to establish a world where w omen from all walks of life get good educational and economic opportunities. Women are expected to get equal representation in management and leadership positions. The organization aims women to have employment and workplace equality. The organization strives for women rights so that they are equally treated in private, public and nonprofit sectors. ERA envision a work environment where women are not segregated or oppressed. Equal Rights Advocates attempts to eliminate all illegal discriminatory practices that block the advancement opportunities of women. Equal Rights Advocates demand equal compensation for women. Women are also expected to access all types of occupations. According to Equal Rights Advocates women should get respectful and safe treatment in all spheres of life. The organization wants employers to give women a favorable work environment where women never encounter a harassment or segregation. Work environment must also comply with the safety laws and health rules. Eq ual Rights Advocates say that women should be assisted to gain a proper balance and work life and family life. Equal Rights Advocates demands sufficient family and medical leave for women. Pregnancy protection laws, paid family leave and paid medical leave are also demanded for. The organization keeps a toll-free Advice and counseling phone number so that people get the needed legal information. People can call them for legal information and help. Equal Rights Advocates strives to expand the educational and economic opportunities of women. The organization is a protector of women rights. The organization upholds the rights of negatively privilege women. According to the Executive Director of

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Assignment Example The two sets of answers that contradict one another are those pertinent to questions 6 and 7. Most respondents were comfortable with the pace of reforms in Qatar. However, when asked if things were done slowly, do they believe the changes would last longer – respondents strongly agreed that the pace should be done more slowly. These are therefore contradictory responses. 8. Looking at Table 2, what are the two sets of answers that contradict one another? For example, do students believe that reforms are a good thing but do not believe that children in school should learn English? The two sets of answers that contradict one another are those answers pertinent to questions 10 and 11. Majority of the respondents believed that the reform is turning Qatar into a copy of the West but still they strongly support learning English as part of the reform. Question number 9 has 11 respondents answering that they strongly agree (2) that reforms have a positive influence on Qatari culture. The rationale for this is because respondents in Table 1 are all Qatari students who are most aware of the impact of the reforms on their national culture. Question number 10 has 8 respondents who believed that the reform is turning Qatar into a copy of the West. Again, the rationale for this is because respondents in Table 2 are comprised of non-Qatari students who could have had the opportunities of attending western schools. The acknowledgment of the respondents that English plays an important role in education and should be included as a critical part of the reform, regardless of the nationality of the students who participated in the

PDCA project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PDCA project - Assignment Example Therefore, I intend to improve my non-verbal communication skills, thus become a better leader in my profession, as well as my social life. My main aim of choosing to improve this skill relates to its ability to help me build better relationships with my peers, subordinates, the patients I serve, and other stakeholders. I followed the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle to aid me in achieving my personal quality improvement goal. This involved formulating a plan of action to guide me on what I should do. I then implemented the plan, and collected data on the progress of the plan. Collecting the data enabled me to evaluate the success of my plan, hence determined the effectiveness of the plan, or need for modification (Neuhauser, Myhre, & Alemi, 2004). I intended to improve my non-verbal skills through improvement in my listening skills. This involved active listening, which meant giving my seniors, juniors, and other subordinates enough time for self-expression. This involved working on maintaining eye contact with whom I engaged. In addition, I had to work at complementing or contradicting their messages through such acts as nodding, and rolling eyes respectively (Videbeck, 2011). I was also to display acceptance through my posture whenever possible. This meant sitting beside, or across the people I interacted with, instead of behind them, which creates a physical barrier. I also planned to employ appropriate vocal cues, and avoid high pitches, which hinder effective communication. I hoped to treat at least 80% of the people I interacted with in this manner. This measure helped me to gauge my ability to communicate non-verbally, thus measure the effectiveness of my communication skills. The plan was undertaken for four consecutive weeks. During this time, the number of times that I failed to adhere to my plan were recorded on a daily basis in a daily recording sheet. The plan commenced on the 4th

Read an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Read an article - Essay Example However, a contradiction in this theory came in the form of Hayek, who believes that it is not a problem of lack of private property, rather; the lack of knowledge that presents a challenge to socialism (Hoppe 143). This paper will examine the author of Socialism: A Property or Knowledge Problem and his line of thought. This is while focusing on what ideas he might offer the audience in terms of the concepts of socialism, and how it might affect them. Hans-Hermann Hoppe chose to discredit Hayek with his theory, saying that it was completely false and ridiculous. In an effort to discredit Hayek and his school of thought, he brings forth arguments to support Mises’s thesis. Mises’s thesis advocates for the presence of private property in land and production factors for there to be proper channels of economic calculation. There being a medium of exchange in the form of money, it would then be possible to calculate and make comparison of the economic situation. Hoppe makes the assumption that Hayek does not have the right arguments to support his thesis about socialism. Hayek purports that socialism and its ultimate flaw is that knowledge about certain circumstances of place and time exist in widely dispersed form, as the personal possession of various individuals (Hoppe 144). Hoppe may have an inclination toward Mises’s school of thought. ... The author, Hoppe, criticizes Hayek by asking a question that would be on the minds of the audience about why clubs, firms, and families exist if his line of thought were to be true. It is Hayek’s belief that a decentralized use of knowledge may lead to the solving of socialism’s ills. In this decentralized use of knowledge, individuals are left to their own devices and can make their decisions (Hoppe 144). To some extent, the above may be true. However, the author tries to explain that when individuals are left to their own decision making abilities, it would be next to impossible to ignore the central plan, as they would not be constrained by the normal things in society. He further claims that if the deciding factor or the solution to socialism’s problems was a decentralized form of thinking, it would be a daunting task to explain why the problems faced by socialism are different from those faced by any other social order. According to Mises and his followers, this line of thought is beside the point. Hoppe points out that it is not the existence of centralized knowledge, or the lack of the use of decentralized knowledge that brings problems to socialism, rather; the absence of property. This ultimately leads to the lack or absence of prices (Hoppe 145). The author claims that Hayek came to realize what Mises had said, but tried to integrate it into his own thesis. This, according to Hoppe, was an elaborate attempt to create a higher and much better theory or line of thinking with regards to the socialism theory, which failed miserably. It is clear from the above that agreeing that socialism’s central or key problem lies in the lack of knowledge. According to the author, private property is the only channel through which information can be transferred.

PDCA project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PDCA project - Assignment Example Therefore, I intend to improve my non-verbal communication skills, thus become a better leader in my profession, as well as my social life. My main aim of choosing to improve this skill relates to its ability to help me build better relationships with my peers, subordinates, the patients I serve, and other stakeholders. I followed the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle to aid me in achieving my personal quality improvement goal. This involved formulating a plan of action to guide me on what I should do. I then implemented the plan, and collected data on the progress of the plan. Collecting the data enabled me to evaluate the success of my plan, hence determined the effectiveness of the plan, or need for modification (Neuhauser, Myhre, & Alemi, 2004). I intended to improve my non-verbal skills through improvement in my listening skills. This involved active listening, which meant giving my seniors, juniors, and other subordinates enough time for self-expression. This involved working on maintaining eye contact with whom I engaged. In addition, I had to work at complementing or contradicting their messages through such acts as nodding, and rolling eyes respectively (Videbeck, 2011). I was also to display acceptance through my posture whenever possible. This meant sitting beside, or across the people I interacted with, instead of behind them, which creates a physical barrier. I also planned to employ appropriate vocal cues, and avoid high pitches, which hinder effective communication. I hoped to treat at least 80% of the people I interacted with in this manner. This measure helped me to gauge my ability to communicate non-verbally, thus measure the effectiveness of my communication skills. The plan was undertaken for four consecutive weeks. During this time, the number of times that I failed to adhere to my plan were recorded on a daily basis in a daily recording sheet. The plan commenced on the 4th

Chemistry Essay 4 Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chemistry Essay 4 - Lab Report Example However, they are not educated on the required limit of intake and over consciousness might cause them to develop vitamin imbalances detrimental for the body. Recently, an increase in the number of fatalities has been recorded because of the presence of a particular natural supplement called ephedra in the dietary products in USA. (OMeara, 2003). Intake of such supplements may cause an individual to develop heart attacks, coronary diseases and hormonal imbalances. Not only this, there are drug producers that intend to increase their sale by presenting the drugs in disguise of the vitamin tablets. They deem it an appropriate way to confidently advertise their drug without being criticized for its negative impact on the users. There are supplements that cause addiction, and their validity is highly questionable. In such circumstances, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) should regulate public access to such harmful so-called â€Å"nutritious supplements† in an attempt to c ombat the drug producing companies in this field. In addition to the free public access to dietary supplements, there are other issues that need to be done something about. One of such issues is the tendency of people to get the medicines they require imported from other countries in an attempt to escape the check of local DEA that might have scrutinized them given the bad health effects of the medication. In other cases, people prefer to import the medicines prescribed by their doctor simply because they may be cheaper as compared to their price in their own region. For example, many Americans prefer purchasing medicines from Canada because the rates are much lower in the latter than in the former. There are many evils associated with such a practice. First of all, medicines available in the stores in local region complete their life and expire before a patient buys them because many

African Slaves Essay Example for Free

African Slaves Essay Rationale My project will be to examine the lives of Indian Indentured labourers between 1845 and 1917. The reason I am examining their lives is to prove that Indian Indentureship was just another form of slavery with a different name. The project will also assist me in learning about the Indian Indentureship period for my CSEC examination. Introduction Indentured labour was something like the last resort for planters after slavery. After the abolition of slavery the planters were left with a labour shortage. In their search for other sources of labour the planters tried Chinese, Madeirans, even free African slaves but each of these options all had their disadvantages. After a trial and error period with many different labourers, it was found that the Indians were the ideal labourers. The Indentureship period was supposed to be a fair, humane and just system unlike the African slave trade and slavery on the whole but this was not the case. In many aspects of the Indentureship period, it was almost identical to slavery. In the following paragraphs it will be shown from the evidence given, that Indians were treated almost as badly as African slaves, proving that the Indentureship period was simply another form of slavery. Indentureship and slavery are basically the same thing but the major thing that differentiated them was the fact that the Indian labourers were legally owned while the African slaves were forced to work for the planters. The Indians were cheated into signing contracts which they didn’t understand with false promises of a better life and good working conditions. The Indians were gullible and were easily tricked into signing the contracts  which ran from 3-5 years. The African slaves on the other were kidnapped in most cases and forced to work for the rest of their usually short lives. Their only chance of freedom would be allowed only if they purchased it, which was very unlikely. The journey for both the Africans and the Indians began with a long journey on a boat in deplorable living conditions. For the Indians the journey lasted from 93 to 113 days which was longer than the journey of the Africans which lasted from 6 to 10 weeks. Although both journeys were bad the Middle passage was a little worse than the journey the Indians endured. They were both kept in confined spaces which was unhealthy, especially if kept for long periods of time. Because of their confinement diseases were easily s pread and the mortality rate was very high. Life on the plantation was not much different because their living quarter were also confined.

The Enduring Legacy of Malcolm X Essay -- The Life of Malcolm X

If there was any one man who demonstrated the anger, the struggle, and the beliefs of African Americans in the 1960s, that man was Malcolm X. The African American cultural movement of the 1920s lost momentum in the 1930s because of worldwide economic depression. The Great Depression helped to divert attention from cultural to economic matters. Even before the stock market crash of 1929, unemployment and poverty among blacks was exceptionally high. It was under these difficult conditions that Malcolm X experienced his youth in the South. Malcolm X was a very controversial character in his time. He grew up in a very large family. His father hunted rabbits to sell to the white people for money, and his mother stayed home to take care of all the children. Several times when he was young, his family was forced to relocate due to the racist groups that would burn or run them out of their home like the Ku Klux Klan. One of these groups called the Black Legion killed his father by tying him to the railroad tracks. Malcolm’s father had life insurance but was not given to his family because they said that Earl Little had committed suicide. This was quite impossible because his head was bashed in and he tied himself to the railroad. Without his father’s income, Malcolm's family was forced to get government help and food. Applying for this type of assistance brought many white Social Workers into their home. They asked questions and interrogated the entire family. Malcolm’s mother always refused to talk or let them in. This did not stop them and they came in anyway. Malcolm, without family discipline and restrictions, often could be found wandering the streets of Roxbury. Without parental or adult guidance of any kind and due to the poor conditions in his home, Malcolm began to steal food. Finally, he was caught. The police did not make a big deal about it, because it was his first offense. The Social Workers however, began investigating his family even more intensely. They used this incident against the family. They reported that Malcolm’s mother could not take proper care of her children and recommended that they be split up and placed in different foster homes. Malcolm did not realize he was getting government help. He also did not realize that the nice Social Workers who would sometimes slip him treats were really out to put him in a foster home. As a boy Ma... ...g’s preaching to further their shared cause. Without this very important person in our history, things may be very different. He helped the blacks find the path to long sought freedom, and helped the whites see their awful mistakes in the way in which they had conducted their society. Works Cited Breitman, George. By Any Means Necessary: Speeches and Interviews. New York: Pathfinder, 1970. Curtis, Richard. The Life of Malcolm X. Philadelphia: Macrae Smith Company, 1971 Goldman, Peter. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1979. Haley, Alex. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Ballantine, 1964. Myers, Walter Dean. Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary. New York: Polaris, 1993 Shirley, David. Malcolm X: Minister of Justice. Langhorne: Chelsea House Publishers, 1994 "Malcolm X." Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation, 1993-1996. The Official Website of Malcolm X. Web. 11 April 2015 http://www.cmgww.com/historic/malcolm/home.php Malcolm. 1999-2004. http://www.brothermalcolm.net "Biography." Malcolm X Official Website. Web. 11 April 2015 http://www.cmgww.com/historic/malcolm/about/bio.html.

Essay --

Affirmative Action Affirmative action in the United States is loosely defined as a policy that redresses the disadvantages of certain minority groups as a result of past discrimination, such as African Americans and Latinos, by giving them preferential treatment with respect to employment and university admissions. In particular, affirmative action has generated a great deal of controversy in university admissions, which has resulted in several Supreme Court cases. Proponents of the policy claim that affirmative action is permissible because a) certain racial groups have suffered from a long past of discrimination and b) there is evidence showing the educational benefits that result from a racially diverse student body reflective of the racial makeup of the United States. Although affirmative action may be a well-intentioned policy whose supporting arguments are based upon true historic facts, the policy as a whole is morally impermissible and only serves to perpetuate the issues it claims to address. In addition, the arguments in favor of affirmative action have several key issues, which include: a) not all groups that have suffered from discrimination benefit from the policy, b) using the two wrongs make a right fallacy to justify discrimination against nonminority groups, c) vague terms such as â€Å"critical mass,† d) assuming that an applicant is disadvantaged solely on the basis of race, e) stereotyping minority groups, and f) the contested definition of race in general. For centuries, African Americans and Native Americans have suffered from blatant discrimination, unjustified theft of land, grueling enslavement, death marches, cruel medical experiments, systematic lynchings, and genocide. Although most Hispanics never had to co... ... believe blacks can achieve in every avenue of American life without the meddling of university administrators.† Therefore, the solution to this issue of academic performance is bettering the education system in poverty stricken areas. If all racial and economic groups had access to equal educational opportunities, then they would all have the same capability to succeed in university admissions, given they are determined to do so. In the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.† Unfortunately, Dr. King’s dream has not yet come true, since African Americans are still judged (whether it be positively or negatively is beside the point) on the basis of their skin color when it comes to college admissions.

Managing challenges for the 21st century

â€Å"Drucker's ideas continue to display a force and resonance that leave him pretty much in a class by himself. It is impossible to read the man without learning a lot.† —Fortune Magazine Advent of globalization has reformatted the business principles and this book is a perfect guide to show the way to conquer new world which is more dynamic, confident and aggressive. Before Peter Drucker, most people thought about their businesses with a manufacturing mindset, defining a business based on what it produced. Today, the marketing mindset prevails. It was Drucker's critical insight that instead of buying a â€Å"product† the customer buys the satisfaction of a need. Drucker has reinvented the management principles to make them fit into the present world and can be proved more suitable in the current management framework. Drucker identifies new assumptions for the social discipline of management.  He has claimed that Management is NOT only for profit-making businesses but Management is the specific and distinguishing organ of any and all organizations. This revolutionary concept can bow the seed of future methods of business and can turn around the whole institutive scenario to create a completely different set of business leaders. Gone are the days when companies were making big profits and hence were focusing the management principles only towards profit earnings. Today’s world is flat and the competitions are monopolistic, in fact tends to perfect competition. In this scenario adhering to old management principles are like suicide. Second assumption is that never think that there is only one right organization which is again very relevant in present context. He has made a significant point over management of people. In Drucker’s view, One does not â€Å"manage† people. The task is to lead people. And the goal is to make productive the specific strengths and knowledge of each individual. Next assumption he made is that technologies and End-Users are NOT fixed and given. Increasingly, neither technology nor end-use is a foundation of management policy. They are limitations. The foundations have to be customer values and customer decisions on the distribution of their disposable income. It is with those that management policy and management strategy increasingly will have to start. Drucker’s book critically emphasizes the role of customer in today’s market scenario. He focuses on the point that now customer are the central point and business has to start and end at customer. Three things are important to run an effective business set up in present marketplace and that is customer, customer and only customer. Business has to be woven around the needs of the customer and ultimate goal should be customer satisfaction. He has quoted next assumption saying that Management's scope is NOT only legally defined. The new assumption on which management, both as a discipline and as a practice, will increasingly have to base itself is that the scope of management is not legal. It has to be operational. It has to embrace the entire process. It has to be focused on results and performance across the entire economic chain. He also said that Management's scope is NOT only politically defined. National boundaries are important primarily as restraints. The practice of management  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and by no means for business only  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ will increasingly have to be defined operationally rather than politically. This assumption has to be adopted by new world immediately in light of the â€Å"open world concept† and â€Å"world is flat† concept. Seventh assumption he made on the organizational atmosphere. He explained that the Inside is NOT the only Management domain. The results of any institution exist ONLY on the outside. Management exits for the sake of the institution's results. It has to start with the intended results and organize the resources of the institution to attain these results. It is the organ that renders the institution, whether business, church, university, hospital or a battered woman's shelter, capable of producing results outside of itself. Lastly he declared the most important assumption that Management’s concern and management's responsibility are everything that affects the performance of the institution and its results – whether inside or outside, whether under the institution's control or totally beyond it. This way he brought the managerial concept at the core of all the issues whether be political or economical or anything. His point of opinion is that the new world will be a economic world where money will be the most important thing and managerial discipline are the most efficient organ of the nation which can help keeping the country self sufficient and create bonhomie everywhere. Therefore Drucker explains in a instructive tone that managers has to be responsible and they have to start thinking out of the box to consistently keep taking the extra steps in right direction. In the course of the discussions, Drucker also addresses the ultimate challenge of managing oneself while still meeting the demands on the individual during a longer working life and in an ever-changing workplace. He has always understood that people are deeply-and rightly-resistant to being â€Å"managed.† This point is especially relevant for knowledge workers, who know more about their jobs than their bosses do. For them, supervision is a special kind of hell. This is why good managers help people manage themselves by focusing consistently on performance and results and by teaching them, often by example, to think about what they are good at, how they learn, what they value. Such self-knowledge is essential to performance. Drucker has also introduced the effect of being a change leader. In the course of discussion he gives four requirements for change leadership:- 1. Polices to make the future. 2. Systematic methods to look for and to anticipate change. 3. The right way to introduce change, both within and outside the organization. 4. Policies to balance change and continuity. In chapter-4, Drucker has navigated through the concept of information technology. Information is no doubt the most important tool to create a successful business setups. Drucker describes the new information revolution that is gaining momentum as follows. So far, for fifty years, Information Technology has centered on DATA -their collection, storage, transmission, presentation. It has focused on the ‘T' in ‘IT'. The new information revolutions focus on the ‘I'. They ask, ‘what is the MEANING of information and its PURPOSE?' And this is leading rapidly to redefining the tasks to be done with the help of information and, with it, to redefining the institutions that do these tasks.† As long as the world continues to become more complex and specialized, information management is essentially a critical part of all businesses and act as blood and vein for industry. The last chapter of the book, managing oneself, is completely devoted to the individual. Drucker advises persons to work on their strengths in order to maximize performance. Conclusion: This book is highly recommended for tyros and young turks. This book is envisaging enough eye opener facts, which can help company grow to the maximum level by reinventing and managing the organizational principles and the level of knowledge workers who will face new challenges in the 21st century. Incisive, challenging, and mind-stretching, Drucker's new book is forward-looking and forward thinking. It combines the broad knowledge, wide practical experience, profound insight, sharp analysis, and enlightened common sense that are the essence of Drucker's writings, which are continuing international bestsellers and â€Å"landmarks of the managerial profession† (Harvard Business Review).            

Market Segmentation for Lawn Mowers Essay

Introduction In this document, we will analyse the current market of lawnmowers in Portugal. By recognising this market and its products with distinct characteristics, we will perform a customer segmentation, which will allow us to divide the market into small groups. Through the segmentation of the lawnmower market, it will be possible to achieve a greater proximity to the final customer; create advertising media that target the identified segments; facilitate the positioning of the product; and obtain the return on investment by the company. The developments and technological diversity provided by all the competitors operating in the sector has shown that this market is very competitive nowadays. Thus, it is imperative that a strategic shift is implemented, which is more focused on meeting the needs of the customer. The notorious falling sales in the sector since 2008 were of equal importance, although the explanation of this phenomenon lies in the national and international economy situation. To analyze the current market of lawnmowers in Portugal, we started to make a small market research. To get a concrete â€Å"shape†, we went to one of the biggest players in the market – Leroy Merlin, who kindly gave us some informations which served as basis for this assignment and which allow us to have a better vision of what is happening in the lawn care industry. GOALS By segmenting the market of mowers you can:  · Get a closer relationship with the end consumer;  · Create advertising media that are targeted to the identified segments;  · Facilitate the positioning of the product;  · And monetize coveted by the company. This last point is usually associated with Increase sales, Increase profits, Increase sales dealer channel. Segmentation There are several types of lawnmowers available on the market: manual, battery – powered or gas – powered models, are some of the options. There are ways to segment the lawnmower market : Customer characteristics †¢ Geographic ( region, city size, and so on ) †¢ Demographic ( gender, age, race, household size, and so on ) †¢ Socioeconomic ( income, education, occupation, and so on ) †¢ Psychographic ( lifestyle, personality, and so on ) Buying situation †¢ Benefits sought ( product features, quality, service, warranty ) †¢ Usage rate – quantity purchased during a specific period Based on the market research that we conducted, we restricted the types of lawn mowers to non-powered, powered and powered riding for three different market segments : urban, suburban and rural. (POR TABELA DE PERCENTAGEM) The percentages given are based on the literature, as well as the information given by the head of the gardening sector at Leroy Merlin, which we visited, in Alfragide. Against this backdrop, the most attractive segment seems to be that of the consumers who live in the suburban area and who use powered walk-behind lawn mowers. However, this segment may already be flooded with competition, it may be more beneficial to target a small segment of consumers, like urban consumers using non-powered or powered walking mowers. The smallest segment may be the most profitable and lucrative. Conclusion From our research we ​​can segment the market of lawnmowers in Portugal as: mainly directed to male gender, between 35-55 years old, who lives in the suburbs of large cities, in a house with a garden area between 1.000 to 2.150 square feet of grass; with a household of four people and average income between â‚ ¬ 20.000 and â‚ ¬ 30.000 per year. The most chosen mower for this kind of segment is the electric powered one, in spite of major disadvantage of requiring a wire plugged to work, which makes that their use is impractical for those who have large estates. It is noteworthy that one of the great advantages of an electric lawn mower is that it does not require extensive maintenance. With the displacement of many ex-urbanites to the most suburban areas of large cities, the growth of lawnmowers little by little began to live better days. With this segmentation, we believe that  the Finnish company will take advantage of this kind of market penetration. Faced with fierce competition (AKI Group, IZI-MESTRE MACO, LEROY MERLIN, BRICOMARCHÉ, BRICO LECLERC and also in many other customers in traditional market said: Garden Centres, Hardware Stores, Drugstores, Building Materials Stores and other sited North to South), the Finnish company will have to differentiate the products presented, as well as in the developed marketing campaigns, satisfying specific needs and desires of this kind of consumers. Bibliography: Market Segmentation: How to Do It and How to Profit from It, Malcolm McDonald Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012 Market Segmentation: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations, Michel Wedel, ‎Wagner A. Kamakura – 2000 Handbook of Market Segmentation: Strategic Targeting for Business and Technology firms, 3rd edition, Art Weinstein, PhD, 2004 Market Segmentation Success: Making It Happen!, Sally Dibb, ‎Lyndon Simkin – 2013 a

Crime Examined Through Four Theoretical Perspectives

Crime Examined through Four theoretical Perspectives Crime is defined as a breach of rules or laws that have been set by the government. Society has been given a set of rules that everyone who believes in good morals, follow. A crime would be anyone who has broken these set of laws for personal reasons such as greed. As of 2006, the crime rate of Toronto was 1,000 per 100,000. This has as shown a decrease since 2002. Crime has become an entity that is a part of society, without it, society would not function correctly. In the study of sociology, crime can be explained in four theoretical perspectives; Functionalism, conflict, interactionism, and feminism. Functionalism is a theoretical orientation which views society as a system of interdependent parts whose functions contribute to keep society alive and stable. Crime has been a part of society since the beginning and yet we have not done anything drastic to reduce or even remove it because it is needed for society to function normally. Crime has become the somewhat normal in society because of it creates employment opportunities for everyone. Law enforcement, lawyers and judges, security guards all have jobs built around the negativity of crime. People commit crimes for personal reasons such as to support family, themselves, and/or drug addictions. There are endless reasons to why people commit crimes. When a crime has been committed, it disrupts social by changing the normal function of society. The Conflict theory is a perspective that accentuates the social status, political, and discrimination in the social group. Society has a stereotypical view on those who commit a crime. Race and social status has played a large role in this discrimination. Crimes

Report style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report style - Essay Example One of the most important target audiences would be teens and adults that embrace a healthier lifestyle, and as such it is the case that a soft drink could be developed to match the needs of this demographic. A few considerations should be made as to what people would be looking for. Should a drink be made no-calorie, mid-calorie or standard-calorie? If designing a drink around health benefits one is naturally inclined to desire a no-calorie drink however this may draw attention from consumers who are opposed to using aspartame or other non sugar based sweeteners. Moreover the company does not want to draw comparisons with their last mid calorie drink launch ‘Coke Blak† which more or less was a ultimately withdrawn from the market owing to the fact that he company had a poor marketing strategy and the product generally had a displeasing taste. In this regard the company could look to a full calorie beverage but the question remains as to how a healthy image could be promo ted? In this regard, Coca-Cola should look to creating a natural version of its drink which has all of the same properties of its current beverage but without using high fructose corn syrup, preservatives, colouring and utilizing naturally sourced ingredients. From this perspective the company can compete head on with Pepsi-Raw but it can still be promoted as a healthy alternative to most soft drinks. Why this proposal would be successful is two fold. Firstly this product satisfies a need in the market owing to the fact that most soft-drinks and energy drinks are either saturated with standard sweetning agents or with sugar substitutes where there has been very little presence of a ‘all natural’ soft drink. Moreover this product could appeal to a generation of people that are still interested in treating themselves to a soft-drink yet do not want to drink all of the related chemicals assuming an effective marketing and promotion strategy is

Prepare an international marketing environment analysis report for Essay

Prepare an international marketing environment analysis report for Australia - Essay Example The benefits of adoption of technology are reduced costs, new products and higher quality. Australia has a strong financial regulations and institutions which makes the business environment healthy. Introduction Australia is a country which comprises of the mainland of Australian continent, Tasmanian Island and smaller islands. It is sixth-largest country in the world by total area. It is a developed country and also one of the wealthiest of countries in the world. It is presently the world’s 12th largest economy. Australia has achieved second-highest human development index globally. It has achieved good performance in many vital statistics like health, quality of life, protection of civil liberties, economic freedom and political rights. Australia has a high urbanized population. In terms of trade Australia has given major emphasis on exporting manufactured goods. For more than 50 years, Australia has been facing a large current account deficit. For more than 15 years their GDP has grown by over 3.6% which is satisfactory as compared to other OECD average of 2.5%. During financial downturn in 2008-2009, Australia was the only advanced economy which had not been affected. But being a global economy Australia faced the effect because their trades with other countries got affected. It was during 2012 to early 2013, Australia faced major recession in some non-mining states. Inflation rate in Australia has been under control averaging about 2-3%. The major sector which contributes to the GDP is tourism, education, economy, financial services. They contribute about 70% of GDP to Australia’s economy. Australia’s major export includes agricultural products, like wool, wheat, minerals etc. International marketing environment in Australia The important factors of International marketing environment of Australia are as follows: Political environment Australia is a liberal-capitalistic democracy. Through government interference, they can decide the a mount of importation taxes to be imposed to protect the domestic economy. They can also create an environmental protection laws to protect the natural heritage of the country. It will automatically affect the Australian economy, since it will affect the amount of trade which takes place and also the exchange rates faced by it. With the global financial meltdown the Australian economy slowed down. The Australian economy is expected to grow due to its demand for raw materials from China. Since Australia exports vastly in iron ore and other agricultural products, the recession had comparatively less effect on them. Economic Environment Australia is lies between Antarctica and Asia. It has Indian Ocean to the west, Arafura, Timor and Coral Seas to the north, The Tasman Sea and the Southern Ocean to its south and finally Pacific Ocean to its east. This shows that Australia is at a strategic advantage in terms of exports and imports. But much of the country is dry, low and flat. Due to th is harsh physical environment people live close to the fertile coastal areas. Everyone wants to own home, and hence the nation has a high number of home ownership rates (Mulligan, 1996, p. 453). Hence the real

XBRL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

XBRL - Research Paper Example It allows semantic meaning that is required for reporting financial and non financial information of businesses. This technology uses XML based language. The main objective of XBRL is to prepare and exchange financial information for further usage of it like analysis of financial information for investment decision making. It is a standard way to communicate with the stakeholders of the businesses through sharing financial information. Specification of standardization of information is developed and published by XBRL International Inc. The information on the XBRL platform can be freely downloaded especially the financial statements can be downloaded as spreadsheet format so that it can be easily used for further analysis (AICPA. 2012, p.1). The information will also be available in multiple languages to meet the purpose of mass target audiences. The professional users of financial statements of business like the security analysts can analyze the company’s financial information by comparing with other competitors very easily. This will be assist by getting automating filling of business information which can be easily compared with the previous financial figures. Again this helps analysts to increase speed along with high level of accuracy of data. The XBRL platform also provides the relevant definition of each reporting concepts and the relationship among various financial parameters and reporting concepts. XBRL facilitates the preparers of financial information of the companies to utilize freely accessible software to tag quarterly and annual financial information within taxonomy. This information is accomplished in an Instance Document that can be easily accessible by the target audiences. This information can be electronically exchanged and also can be validated in computers and also can be readable by the users from any part of the world. XBRL has published guideline for the users in its websites to help the preparers of financial statements (FFIEC, 2006, p.2). What information is required to be provided in XBRL? Requirement of information XBRL has been revised but there is no major change in the basic format of disclosed information in the periodic report or registration statement for new XBRL requirement. One minor change is that the companies have to provide financial statements along with the statement schedule and footnotes. The companies do not need to provide information about executive compensation and statistical disclosure of financial performance in a specific financial year. The companies must have to provide quarterly earnings reports, transition reports and annual reports. XBRL wants to extend the contents of Form 8K which will be revised and updated version of the previous financial statements of the companies duly filled with only SEC. XBRL also needs registration statement of limited security act which will update information about change of price range at the time submitting quarterly or annual financial repor t by the companies. Previously the companies need to provide amended at each time of filling in XBRL platform. For merger and acquisition of business registered with XBRL, it needs the detailed information of revised financial structure of the company and details of the acquisition value. XBRL data need registration statement of securities act which must include financial statements like Form S1 and Form S3. This incorporates the financial information provided by the company (SEC, 2009, p.23). What are the perceived benefits of XBRL? Are there any risks and/or drawbacks? XBRL is perceived to be beneficial for both the preparers and the users of financial statements. Financial analysts, regulatory bodies and investors gain more efficient and faster access financial data. This information

Construction of Gender in Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction of Gender in Social Media - Essay Example This essay stresses that extensive research has been conducted in the past to demonstrate the correlation between gender and media. Some have included studies on different types of media like movies, cartoons, music, and games. There are various methods used in studying the kind of language used by different genders on the social media that include; content analysis and discourse analysis. This paper declares that Herring attempts to bring ideas on computer-mediated discourse as a way to show that the study of the language used in social media is of great concern. Being that most social media sites are modern, Herring acknowledges that human-human communication via computer networks is a recent thing. In her ideas, she focuses on computer-mediated language and argues that is less correct, coherent and complex. Also, she states that the language that is used on social media differs according to the cultural and social context. A careful study of this computer-mediated discourse shows that language use can reveal the identity of the user whether he is educated or not, while he is trying to mask himself. Moreover, on media, especially social media the age of user can be revealed by the content of the message that the user post. Herring assumes that the identity of the gender in social media can be expected easily by the stereotypical behaviors that are attached to each ge nder. In addition to the above studies, statistics of how men and women have been using Twitter and Instagram also holds.

Personality profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Personality profile - Essay Example Personality and especially that of a personal profile is a very wide. Wide because it touches all the relations to social, economic and political phenomenon that defines everybody’s way of conduct. For the purpose of this case, I will particularly center my personality focus on my career at the present and in the future and shade some light on who I am. A number of tests are also very instrument in the whole evaluation process and I don’t hesitate into taking any that ensures complete understanding of myself is done in a very competed and efficient way. There are a number of tests that are used in self discovery. As the methods differ according to the angle of approach of what you want to figure out, I decided to take a test a Big five test. This test mostly centralizes its analysis on 5 major areas that define and model a complete human. As per the test, my emotional stability score was high above average at 74% percentile. My ability to remain as calm as possible even when am tensed is something my family can attest of. This has been my feature since when I started understanding things around me. I will not go on tearing books because I have scored low in a physical science class or go throwing things around because simply things have not been as I wanted them to be at home. I hold and have control of my emotions. This has been very instrumental in my relationships with people whom have had a chance to be close to me. This though does not imply that you go on stepping on my foot intentionally and unapologetically. In that case I will squarely handle you as the law demands. My inquisitiveness nature, which scored a 84% percentile, amazes me personally. Severally I have heard my mother say that she has never seen an inquisitive child like. When it comes to curiosity, I do not bother whether it kills the cat or not. I will ask anything as long as I have no clue of what actually it is. For clarity, my enquiries have

Self introduction Essay Example for Free

Self introduction Essay Everyone has his characters to lead him to success. In other words, characters such as cheerful are unique and these are the factors to make them achieving their goal. In my case, I am stubborn to do anything, including my study even playing basketball. In my secondary school life, my teacher told me that I was headstrong and enlarged the unhappiness to make my emotion in trouble. I just realize what he told me before when I faced my HKAL exam but I find that this character can guide me to reach my goal. To get in University, I spent so much time on it and I encounter many problems and failures, especially in English. However, obstinacy helps me to tackle with the problems and finally I achieve my aim. I kept spending over 10 hours every day around a year to prepare my HKAL exam when I was form 7 student. I expected I can get a good result in the exam but unfortunately I was fail in my UE subject. This made me to be disappointed and helpless because the HKAL exam was replaced by the DSE exam. It means that there are no second chances for HKAL candidates to retake the exam and they have to seek other ways to continue their studies. Without any option, associate degree is my only way to reach my goal and I planned to spend a year to obtain a degree offer. Finally, the dream comes true and I can major in my favourite subject. Obstinacy causes me to keep chasing my goal even I faced many problems and failures. Sometime it motivates a person to keep moving on and achieve success. However, stubborn character makes my emotion in trouble duo to the enlargement of the sadness. I always recall the unhappiness and enlarge it by my imagination. In fact the issues may not be that negative as I think and I am not willing to seek any help. My mental health is suffered by this character and I have to learn to deal with it. Over insisting on my point also is one of my drawbacks. Sometimes when I discuss or work with others to make a consensus, I take a firm stand on my view and do not want to consider the others’ ideas. Thus the teamwork and morale are damaged by the conflicts Even I am suffered by the obstinate character, it practices me to be tough to cope with problems. It also benefits my future career in education. I can share my experience about how to face the failures to encourage students to  pursue their goal. Also obstinacy can help me to tackle with the problems as I faced before. Obstinacy is not just a negative impact for a person. For me, it also motivates me to move on and helps me to reach my goal.

TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ANALYSIS

TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ANALYSIS Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right thing Peter F. Drucker A leader is a person who guides others toward a common goal, showing the way by example, and creating an environment in which other team members feel actively involved in the entire process. Leadership remains a very important factor to successful organizations. Ensuring that effective leaders are selected, trained and developed is of significance importance to todays organizations. Three major types of organizational leaderships have been presented throughout the years; transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and charismatic leadership. Each type of leadership contains a certain number of attributes which distinguishes it from the others, however many theories converge into the position that each type can be used separately or in conjunction with the others. In transformational leadership the leaders motivate their followers to perform beyond expectations by fostering a climate of trust and by creating and representing an inspiring vision of the future. In charismatic leadership, leaders differ from others by their ability to foster an impression that they and their mission are extraordinary. As such, individuals choose to follow such leaders in management settings not only because of formal authority but out of perceptions of extraordinariness. However in some extent transformational and charismatic leadership are similar and compatible. On the other hand transactional leadership is complementary to the other two types of leadership and is based on an exchange process in which the leader provides rewards in return for the followers effort and performance. In this paper we are going to define what transactional leadership is and then we are going to present the attributed behaviours that transactional leaders have and how these behaviours affect the organizational identification, the organizational commitment, trust and organizational citizenship behaviours of the followers. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP: All research and studies that have been conducted throughout the years about transactional leadership have accepted the definition given by Bass (1985) that transactional leaders clarify for their followers the followers responsibilities, the expectations the leaders have, the tasks that must be accomplished and the benefits to the self-interests of the followers for compliance. Transactional leaders usually operate within the boundaries of the existing system, emphasize process rather than substance as means of control and are effective in stable and predictable environments. The primary factors of transactional leadership model include contingent reward, management-by-exception and laissez-faire. The leaders, who engage in transactional behaviours, focus mainly on low order construct such as broad performance goals due to the absence of experience which is required in order to focus on higher level organizational visions. In cases when the leaders confront these kinds of situations, they engage in strategic processes so as to find a novel way to encourage their subordinates to work towards that vision. However, in most cases they emphasize on specific goals and performance outcomes such as increase in team productivity and establishment of effective working relationships within the groups. Additionally, transactional leaders expect their followers to have attributes such as commitment to goals, expectancy of goal attainment, expectancy of rewards and need for role clarity. In order to achieve the highest subordinate performance, these leaders use rewards and punishments as tools. For a given performance failure, transactional leaders are likely to make an attribution to lack of goals or lack of expectations of a reward from the side of the follower and therefore they respond with goal setting, instruction and training, work assignment and reward or punishment. Finally, transactional leaders focus on environmental conditions in which they are able to interact with the followers to increase motivation through goal setting, increase action-to-action and outcome-to-outcome expectancies, and influence follower skills and abilities through training. Such conditions may include increasing resources, technology, social support and equipment. However, it is very important to determine whether all the above attributes that transactional leaders possess are adequate enough to affect the followers and increase their performance. EVALUATION OF TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP: There are two ways for an employee to determine if he/she has been treated fairly in his/her job; distributive justice which is related to the fairness of the outcome an employee receives and procedural justice which is related to the fairness of the procedures used to determine those outcomes. Transactional leaders are more likely to motivate and persuade the employees who are concerned about the fairness of the outcome because their relationship with their leaders is based on the rewards they receive in exchange for their efforts. Since one of the main attributes of the transactional leader is to make rewards contingent on performance and specify the outcomes that the individual can expect in exchange for good performance, job satisfaction will be increased when these conditions will be satisfied. On the other hand in environments where procedural justice is the main way to determine the fairness of treatment to subordinates, the leader-employee relationship is outside the economic contract. In that case interpersonally fair treatment is very crucial. However, as we mentioned earlier transactional leaders are based on the exchange procedures to motivate their employees and less on interpersonal relationships. Therefore, in these cases transactional leadership might have no positive effect on job satisfaction. Additionally, transactional leadership directly affects the organizational commitment of the employees. Despite the fact that emotional attachment is the major characteristic of organizational commitment many subordinates consider organizational commitment an important instrument to obtain rewards and recognition. Therefore, leaders who use economic exchanges to appraise good performance are more likely to increase the commitment of their employees. On the other hand transactional leadership does not affect the relationship of trust between the leader and the subordinates. As we mentioned transactional leaders emphasize on specific goals and performance outcomes by requesting from their employees commitment to goals and expectancy of goal attainment. The feedback that they provide to their subordinates for their performance is either a reward or a punishment. This kind of interaction does not affect the feeling of trust from the side of the employees. This can be enhanced by the fact that transactional leaders focus on low order constructs such as broad performance goals and not on organizational visions which require the trust of the subordinates to successfully achieve these visions. Finally, under certain conditions transactional leadership can play an important role in the organizational identification which affects the effectiveness of the company, increases the organizational citizenship behaviours and reduces turnover. As organizational identification we define the perception of belongingness to an organization, of which the person is a member. Since transactional leaders provide the employees with useful information about their roles in the organization and about what is expected of them in their work, they help them to understand what the organization stands for and what it is like to be a typical member of it. However, the effectiveness of this type of leadership will also depend on the subordinates identity level. In cases where the employees are characterized by individual identities, transactional exchanges such as performance evaluations through rewards and punishments will overemphasize the individual contributions against the organizational goals an d therefore will not increase the organizational identification. Therefore, transactional leadership will only have an effect on employees who think and behave in ways that emphasize collaboration with the others. Additionally, despite the fact that transactional leaders provide clarity, direction and sense of security to their employees they are not able to convince employees who experience feelings of stress and anxiety to establish a strong connection with the organizational collective. This can be explained by the fact that transactional leaders do not use inspiration and mentoring to heighten the followers sense of belongingness. IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE ORGANIZATIONS: According to the previous paragraphs, transactional leadership is the type of leadership in which the leaders emphasize in the clarification of roles and task requirements and provide followers with material or psychological rewards contingent on the fulfilment of contractual obligations. In order for the managers to apply this type of leadership in their organizations first they must discuss with their followers what is required and clarify how these outcomes are to be achieved and the reward they will receive in exchange for their satisfactory effort and performance. This can be done by clearly defining the job descriptions of each employee, and the rules regarding work duties and then by using performance appraisals. Therefore, when the leader assigns work to its employee, it is the responsibility of the employee to see that the assigned task is finished on time. If the assigned task is not completed on time or does not have the optimum result then the manager will have the right to punish his/her employee for the failure. But if they accomplish the task in time then the followers will receive the rewards for successfully completing the task. Furthermore, the managers must provide rewards in cases where the followers exceed the requested expectations. Through this policy the transactional leader can increase the job satisfaction and the expected performance of his/her employees. PERSONAL OPINION: As concerns my view I believe that transactional leadership can be potentially applicable and effective only in certain organizational situations. The conditions which favour the emergence of transactional leadership are characterized by stability. In stable predictable environments, organizations tend to be strictly controlled and formalized. Such organizations favour the elaboration of certain rules and regulations and determine specified performance measurement systems and hierarchical distribution. In these environments transactional leaders can emerge and become effective by emphasizing on specific goals, processes and performance outcomes. However, there are conditions that require a leader with characteristics more than those of the transactional leader. In cases when tasks are not analyzable, standard operating procedures are not helpful, and progress cannot be easily measured, employees are likely to be frustrated and discouraged, and transactional leadership might not be applicable. The only way for a leader to motivate its members under such conditions is to infuse their tasks with an ideological meaning and purpose. Additionally, as mentioned in the previous paragraphs transactional leaders do not focus on organizational visions but they stick on the accomplishment of specific goals. Therefore, in situations where the conditions dynamically change it is likely to be difficult for them to provide a feasible solution. For example in cases of crisis where performance goals cannot be easily specified and where leaders cannot link rewards to individual performance, employees tend to follow the person who has a vision, and novel ideas. In that case the leader must be able to establish relationships of trust and respect with its employees in order to inspire them and convince them that he/she is capable of providing inspiring strategic and organizational goals for the future. As a conclusion I believe that a leader must combine the characteristics of transactional leadership with the characteristics which are applied in the other two types of leadership; charismatic and transformational. Therefore, he/she must be able to recognize the conditions that emerge in each situation and try to implement the right type of leadership in this situation so as to proceed with the optimal solution.