Accounting Principles Paper Essay Example

Accounting Principles Paper Essay Example Accounting Principles Paper Essay Accounting Principles Paper Essay THIS IS A NEW SPECIFICATION ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE FOI ACCOUNTING Accounting Principles Tuesday 2 June 2009 Morning RESOURCE BOOKLET To be given to candidates at the start of the examination Duration: 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES The information required to answer questions 1-2 is contained within this Resource Booklet. Do not hand this Resource Booklet in at the end of the examination. It is not needed by the Examiner. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES This document consists of 4 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. OCR 2009 [1-4/500/7722] sp (NE) T7701 5/2 OCR is an exempt Charity Turn over 2 on 30 April 2009. Rent General expenses Insurance Salaries Electricity Capital Motor expenses Bad debts Drawings Debtors Creditors Bank Stock 10% Loan Loan interest Carriage outwards Commission received Purchases Sales Purchases returns Sales returns Discounts allowed Discounts received Provision for doubtful debts Equipment Provision for depreciation of equipment Motor vehicles Provision for depreciation of motor vehicles 4 000 6 ooo 3 300 14 000 2 ooo cr 44 000 200 6 200 3 800 2 600 3 600 15000 1 250 700 730 56 ooo 108 ooo 2 500 4 800 520 48 ooo 14 400 36 ooo 0800 200 150 The following information is also available. Included in the general expenses is an item of equipment purchased during the year for El 200. This item has not yet been included in the equipment account. A cheque for E800 received from a debtor has not yet been entered in the accounts. At 30 April 2009, loan interest owing amounted to E250; electricity owing was E380; whilst insurance was prepaid by E460. During the year Paula Redwood had withdrawn, for her personal use, goods costing O OCR 2009 The closing stock as at 30 April 2009 was valued at E4 200. Commission receivable of El 50 was owing to Paula Redwood at 30 April 2009. FOI 1/ RB Junog 3 (Vii) The provision for doubtful debts is to be provided for a specific debt of E200, plus 2% of the remaining debtors. (Viii) One half of the 10% loan is repayable during the year ending 30 April 2010, and the balance after that date. Depreciation is to be provided as follows: 10% per annum on cost using the straight line method. A full years depreciation is provided on all office equipment held on 30 April 2009, regardless of the date of purchase. 25% by the reducing balance method. There were no additions or disposals during the year. REQUIRED The Trading and Profit and Loss Account of Paula Redwood for the year ended 30 April 2009 and the Balance Sheet as at 30 April 2009. [47] Total marks [47] Raymond Bow prepared the following aged debtors schedule for his business on 31 March 2009. 2 1 400 1 880 months Peter White Janet Black John Green Susan Yellow Sunil Orange Jose Violet Bret Purple Carlos Blue 1 800 over 6 Amount due 5 400 5 880 160 2 620 300 190 4 680 2 200 1 600 21 730 Debtor 10 100 1 ooo 620 150 1 340 210 490 The provision for doubtful debts as at 1 April 2008 was El 890. Jose Violet has recently been declared bankrupt. Raymond Bow has received payment of EO. 25 in the E in final settlement of the debt. The final settlement has not yet been processed through the accounts. The remainder of the amount due is to be treated as a bad debt. Raymond BOWS policy for dealing with outstanding debtors is to: (i) months; make specific provisions for all the other debts outstanding for between four to six write off as bad debts all amounts outstanding for more than six months; make a general provision of 3% on all the remaining outstanding debts. FOI 1 IRB Junog 4 a) Prepare the following ledger accounts of Raymond Bow for the year ended 31 March 2009, showing where appropriate the closing entry to the final accounts at the end of the year. (i) Jose Violet. Bret Purple. Bad Debts. Provision for Doubtful Debts. (b) The Profit and Loss Account extract for Bad Debts and Provision for Doubtful Debts for the year ended 31 March 2009. (c) The Balance Sheet extract for Debtors as at 31 March 2009. (d)* Discuss the reasons why a business needs to monitor and control its debtors. (e) Explain two factors used in determining the provision for doubtful debts. 10] Total marks [33] Copyright Information OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OCR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations, is given to all schools that receive assessment material and is freely available to download from our public website (www. r. org. uk) after the live examination series. If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity. For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1 PB. OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. OCR 2009 FOI 1 IRB Junog

Pericles essays

Pericles essays The historian, more often than not, will have direct or indirect personal input and remarks in the historical account he is relating; the historical facts and figures obtained would flow together with his objective tendency for that particular event. The historian, Thucydides, exemplifies such, as he narrates the account of the Peloponnesian War. Reading excerpts from the mentioned historical account containing occurrences of the first years of the war, speeches from the general Pericles, as well as the historians judgment on him reveals certain illustrations of the values held by him as he infuses his text with personal opinions and evaluations, such as power, justice, virtue, equality, nobility, and rationality. Paying more attention to the speeches of Pericles the funeral oration and the last speech during the plague one sees a juxtaposition of opposites: rise and downfall, virtue and vice, democracy and mob rule. The reconstruction and inclusion of Pericles funeral oration emphasizes Pericles significance in the Peloponnesian War, being the general during the time who suggested war to his fellow Athenians. This inclusion is necessary in order to prove the greatness of Athens, which Thucydides found substantial enough for the citys description, having no need to expound on this exemplary fact anymore. In his speech, Pericles strengthens the wills and hearts of his fellow Athenians, especially relatives of those slain soldiers, speaking eloquently of life in their unyielding land, Ahtens its people, ancestors, customs, warfare, and government. This emphasis on the prominence of Athens justifies the demise of many of its patriotic citizens as they do not just become worthy of their country, but also immortal monuments...where their glory is laid up to be remembered forever...an unwritten record of the mind lives on for each of them, even in ...

Family Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Assessment - Essay Example Caroline is 38 years old. She has a 15 year old daughter. Carol and her daughter lived alone until Carol’s recent marriage to Trey Reyes. Carol is a very successful Sales Manager and travels a lot with her company. Mrs. Janice Jackson and Carol have a very strong bond. Lenny is Mr. and Mrs. Jackson’s third child. Lenny Jackson is 33 years old married to Desiree and has one child, a son Marcus. Marcus is 9 years old. Shelldon Jackson is Mr. and Mrs. Jackson’s youngest child. Shelldon is 32 years old married to Leigha and together have a daughter 4 years of age. Lenny also has a son from a previous relationship. Lenny’s son Alex is 12 years of age. The Jackson family is extremely close. Mrs. Jackson is very involved in not only all of her children’s lives and activities but also those of her grandchildren. Mr. Jackson unfortunately is not allowed the same opportunity due to his rigorous work schedule. Mr. Jackson is a chef and has to be up early in th e morning to be at work for 4 am. So when he gets home he usually sleeps a lot of the time. Mr. Jackson is there whenever he can be. The Jackson Family is and always has been very female influenced and dominated. â€Å"A Woman’s intuition never steers wrong† is there family motto. The males have always taken the role as the main providers of the family. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson are very involved in their church community and scold their children when they are not. Mrs. Jackson was raised a strong Baptist believer. The children are not always able to be there because of work and busy schedules. Mrs. Jackson does not feel that is an appropriate excuse. There should always be time for God since He’s made time for you. The Jackson Family does manage to attend church together as a whole at least one Sunday out of the month. Developmental The Jackson Family has always declared home their safe haven. Which means no matter what mistakes you make in life, do not ever think h ome is no longer an option. Home in the Jackson Family is where the center and heart of love is. There is no problem too great to solve and no hurt too great that can’t be healed. Usually behind the solutions to every problem and every hurt was Mrs. Jackson. Mrs. Jackson is the backbone of the family, until about a year ago. About a year ago Mrs. Jackson was getting ready to leave work when all of sudden she could not catch her breath. After causing the serious concern of her co-workers an ambulance was called. Mrs. Jackson was taken to a nearby hospital and admitted. Mr. Jackson was notified and arrived right away. Not long after the entire Jackson Family was sitting in a waiting room waiting to hear news that would devastate them all. Mrs. Jackson kidneys were failing and she needed a kidney transplant right away. The entire family went through tests to see if they were matches none of them passed the test. Mrs. Jackson’s condition continued to get worse even on the dialysis treatment. Functional Mrs. Jackson has had to relearn how to live life. The change her family has seen in her is devastating. A once strong woman is now defeated and trying to survive. Now it’s the family’s turn to be the backbone. The only problem is Mrs. Jackson refuses to allow anyone to take her place even though the days become more and more difficult for her. Mr. Jackson finally decided to take a risky stand cutting his hours at work to be at home more with Mrs. Jackson to monitor her. This was of course against Mrs. Jackson’

Teacher's interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teacher's interview - Essay Example The teacher is the leader of the ship. If he knows his work, the ship will reach the destination, otherwise it can lose track. Guidance, discipline, and punishment are three points on a continuum with the guidance being on one extreme, discipline in the middle, and punishment being on the other extreme. Guidance means telling children what to do, when to do, why and how to do. Discipline means establishing rules and telling children to follow them or bear the effects of noncompliance. Punishment means discouraging wrong behavior by putting the child in an uncomfortable or inconvenient position in some way, like hitting or fining. I slightly disagree with the teacher that guidance, discipline, and punishment have to be on the same continuum but at different points. I think discipline comes first because the rules are the first to be established. Guidance is just helping children to follow the rules whereas punishment is the liabilities they have to face when they don’t comply with rules. So discipline basically lays the basis of guidance as well as punishment depending upon what the child demands. I don’t believe in punishing students until it is inevitable. I tell the students my rules and guide them in following the rules. Mostly I guide because that enables me to build a rapport with my students so that they become obedient. I agree to the teacher that punishment should be the last resort. A teacher should make every possible effort to avoid that. A teacher should first establish the rules and then guide the students so that they can follow them. This develops association between the teacher and the students and has a positive impact on the environment within the classroom. I think punishment is justified when all other ways of correcting the student’s inappropriate behavior have proved ineffective. For me, cheating is just as intolerable

Letter to Congress Essay Example for Free

Letter to Congress Essay My name is †¦ and I am writing as your constituent in the 53rd Congressional district of California. I am writing to ask you to cosponsor Rep. John Conyers Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act (H.R. 676). United States House of Representatives Bill Number 676 is the proposed U.S. legislation to establish single-payer health care, improved Medicare for All, in the United States. It will establish lifelong, comprehensive coverage for health care. A single-payer system would take the charge of insurance premiums off of employers and put it on the people as a nation, where it belongs. I cant think of a more pro-business step that Congress could take at this time. Its also the right thing to do, the humane thing to do. Obamacare doesnt address the lack of sustainability of our healthcare system. It won’t keep insurance prices down, more than 30 million people will remain uninsured, and insurance companies will manipulate their way out of any imposed regulations. We will no longer be paying for a system that wastes $400 billion in excessive administrative costs, more of our health care dollars will be spent on health care, and more of the doctors and nurses time will be spent on caring for people. The result will be more time spent on prevention and wellness and the U.S. dramatically raising its life expectancy. As a Registered Nurse who has been employed at various managed care payers, I know firsthand the corruption and abuse that is typical of health insurance companies. It is political corruption that has allowed this situation to continue. Right now Congress and the President are fighting over how much to slash Medicare and Medi-Cal/Medicaid benefits. The American people dont want to see this happen. National, single-payer healthcare (H.R. 676) is pro-business, and pro-people. Please co-sponsor today. Thank you for your time and attention.

Cheating and Plagiarism - The Path to Self-destruction :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Plagiarism - The Path to Self-destruction Why do so many people use 123HelpMe.com simply to plagiarize other people's writing? Is it even possible that someone cannot write their own essay, or that someone cannot read a book of any length? If you plagiarize, aren't you sentencing yourself to failure? And if you cannot gather information, aren't you opening yourself to attacks from the System? I know many students who use sites such as 123HelpMe.com to "gather research" - steal other people's ideas and papers. Yet it still amazes me that people could be so naà ¯ve and lazy. Think about it: in high school, you are already expected to know whatever material you've been taught (hopefully). If you cannot get through high school without cheating, how well will you do in college? Professors check whether you have cheated, and you are required to write lengthy papers based on detailed research, which is not present on many Internet paper mills and notes sites. If you cannot read, write, and think on your own, you are doomed. Maybe not now, maybe not during your high school career, but eventually, you will flunk a class or get expelled for cheating. If your job requires you to write essays or gather information, and you "cheat" (gather information without citing it and getting permission) you will be sued and fired. During high school and college, you are more likely to hurt your grade than to get into serious trouble. (However, if your paper sounds too well written, or if a teacher finds that you stole information, you can still be expelled.) Let's face it: Cliffs Notes aren't the Holy Grail of research. If you read Cliffs Notes or Monarch Notes or 123HelpMe.com' essays, you are bound to miss important details. Any decent teacher will check whether you read a book, and to do so, he will ask you details and concepts from the work that you did not read. Cliffs Notes, shortchange you; there are few concepts and almost no details in those. Monarch Notes only have concepts. And most the free essays on 123HelpMe.com are filled typos and inaccuracies. Of course, one must pay a small fee to access the great and excellent essays on 123HelpMe.

Cross-cultural Communication Essay

In order to accomplish the task I decided to interview my friend from Italy who arrived to the USA after having won a language competition to live and study here and whom I recently visited in Italy. So, below you may see some differences and similarities of American and Italian culture. First of all he decided to rent a car since it was more convenient than a train or other transportation vehicle. He noted that there are almost no pedestrians in the streets as everybody drives a car. Also, he stated that American people take care of their life as no other culture in the world because they have a list of emergency calls in every household and therefore are rightfully scared to death of Italian drivers. The system of driving in Italy is almost beyond American understanding. The basic difference is that Americans like lanes and pretty much expect everybody to stay in one. Italy does not work like this at all. Instead they use a surprisingly tolerant system of swerving, tail gating, and other go-as-you-please driving etiquette that Americans would be driven to homicidal road rage by if it happened in the hometown. Traveling through Italy American person will never see anyone irritated or aggressive while driving. Italians just casually drive like maniacs and know that everyone else is too. Along the way, they adore chatting and laughing with each other. As a huge generalization Italians are very attractive people. It felt like people are living in an Armani commercial. But as he says they smoke everywhere, all the time. As expected, he liked American food everywhere: in restaurants, in coffee shops, etc. although he was more accustomed to have a dessert and a thimble of coffee. It was quite a surprise for him to reveal that dinners last an hour or an hour and a half at most while in Italy they go on for hours. Time in general moves differently in the USA, as he says. In the USA days start earlier than according to the Italian standards. In Italy the whole country shuts down from one o’clock to three or four o’clock every afternoon. There is also a great difference in architecture of these two cultures. Italy is full of narrow streets, plazas and buildings. He says if you want to live in an apartment that is several hundred years old and is probably built on top of even older building you can do it. In the USA it is hard to find something older than about 200 years old. In my essay I would like to refer to the idea of the context of situation (Kramsch 25) that includes three major parts: o The field of discourse o The tenor of discourse o The mode of discourse The field of discourse covers the situation of visiting another country and penetrating into its culture. The tenor implies the participants, while the mode includes the role of the language in this situation. Therefore, it would be appropriate to note that Italian tradition of driving may serve as a good example of the context of situation. First of all, it involves such important factors as high level of emotionality, hot weather, narrow streets, and their somewhat confusing location. As the tenor of discourse investigates the members of the situation, it is necessary to mention here the importance of the origin of the participants. As we may see from the interview and from my own experience Italians and Americans drive in completely different way and both of them believe that their driving tradition is the best and most convenient. In conclusion, I may add that cultural diversity implies different traditions that require understanding, open-mindness, and tolerance. References Kramsch, Claire. (2003). Language and Culture (4th edition). New York: Oxford University Press.

Pareto Analysis

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING & PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MAF 635 PARETO ANALYSIS GROUP 10 PREPARED FOR: PN. ZARINAH ABDUL RASIT CONTENT | PAGE| INTRODUCTION| 2| WHAT IS PARETO ANALYSIS? | 2| HISTORY OF PARETO ANALYSIS| 3| WHEN TO USE PARETO ANALYSIS| 3| HOW TO USE PARETO ANALYSIS| 4| RISK AND WAYS TO AVOID IT| 7| ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES| 8| CONCLUSION| 8| APPENDIX| 9| INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we will discuss on Pareto Analysis topic which is a statistical techniques in decision making. We will focus on: * The definition of Pareto Analysis. * The history of Pareto Analysis. * When we can use Pareto Analysis. How to use Pareto Analysis. * The risks of using Pareto Analysis. * Ways to avoid the risks arises. * The advantages and disadvantages of Pareto Analysis. WHAT IS PARETO ANALYSIS? The definition of Pareto Analysis can be identified as statistical techniques in decision making. The difference between other decision making techniques is this analysis are applying the 80/20 rule. Which is by doing 20% of works, will gain 80% advantage of the entire works. Meaning here is by only focusing on significant issue or problems, we can gain a 80% returns as we focus on the entire works.This Pareto Analysis is a creative way of looking at causes of problems to help stimulate thinking and organize thought. HISTORY OF PARETO ANALYSIS WHEN TO USE PARETO ANALYSIS * During problem analysis, to find those sub-problems that will return the greatest benefits. * Used in any general situation where you want to prioritise action. For example, use it when selecting potential solutions, by comparing their cost-benefit ratios. * Use it in a team situation to show results of voting. HOW TO USE PARETO ANALYSIS STEPS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLE |Identify Items to compare | * Identify the items to be analysed and charted. * These should be a single complete group that can be measured in the same way. | For example ‘Damaged seats’| Choose measurement units| * Find a measurement uni t this that will lead to the highest bar being the most important to address. * This is often a count of something. | A weighting factor may be used to ensure the highest number is the most important. | Plan the measurement| * Determine how many items must be measured to build a representative chart. Plan the detail of the work, including who will measure what, how, for how long, and so on. | If possible aim for around 50 items, as this will give a statistically repeatable chart. If you repeat the measurement, keep all conditions as similar as possible. | Measure as planned| * Carry out the measurement as planned. * A Check Sheet can be used to manually record measurements. | | Plot the chart| * Plot the results in vertical bars, sorted with the highest bar on the left. | If there are a lot of items that would lead to a long tail of small bars, you can combine these into an ‘others’. Select the focus| * Choose the number of bars which you will address further (this is u sually one or two). | If there are a lot of items that would lead to a long tail of small bars, you can combine these into an ‘others’. | Take action| * Take the work to the next stage by acting on your findings. | If the bar selected is big, you can find a further focus by breaking this down into a sub-Pareto chart. | EXAMPLE: * The city hospital has to analyse and solve the various complaints of the patients, which are submitted to the Head Nurse Office. In order to analyse the complaints and claims we use the Pareto Diagram. With consideration 845 received complaints, starting from the complaint forms filled in by the medical service beneficiaries, which were grouped in the following categories. 1) COMPLAINTS BY CATEGORY: 2) REARRANGE THE PROBLEMS ACCORDING TO THE MOST SIGNIFICANT TO THE LEAST SIGNIFICANT ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF COMPLAINTS RECEIVED. 3) PLOT THE GRAPH, CREATE THE CHART AND DRAW THE CUMULATIVE CURVE RISK OF PARETO ANALYSIS & HOW TO AVOID IT RISKS| S TEPS TO AVOID| * Selecting the wrong items, such as jumping to conclusions rather than using proven facts. | * Take care to start with the right problem. * Using measures which lead to the highest bar on the chart indicating something that is not the most appropriate item to address. | * Remember that the focus is to find the most important item, so get measurements right. | * Assuming the people who are doing the measurement are motivated and able to do this. | * Educate the people who are doing the measurements and check with their managers that they can do this extra work. | * Ending up with things that are too-big to address. | * Carefully consider the effort you will need to address the selected items.If this will be too much, then take another step to find a lower-level focus. | * Last-minute changes that are based on intuition rather than measurements and known facts. | * Be very careful when taking intuitive leaps. It is often better to trust a process which can later be ver ified. | ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PARETO ANALYSIS ADVANTAGES: 1. Organizational Efficiency -The problems ranked highest in severity should become the main focus for problem resolution of improvement. 2. Enhanced problem-solving skills -Enables management to organize work-related problems into connected facts. . Improved decision making -Can measure and compare the impact of changes that take place in an organization. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Easy to make but hard to troubleshoot -Provide no insight on the root causes 2. Multiple Pareto chart may be needed -Further analysis and more charts are needed 3. Qualitative Vs Quantitative data -Can only show qualitative data that can be observed. CONCLUSION Here, we can conclude that Pareto Analysis are helping in decision making by identifying the significant issues or problems to be solved and get the high advantage by doing entire jobs.The 80/20 rule states that by focusing on 20% of the entire problems, we may generate 80% of the advantage of the entire job. Therefore, we can saves time and improved decision making skills by solving the right or significant problems rather than focus on the symptoms only. However, Pareto Analysis also have some drawbacks when they’re failed to determine the root causes and it needs further analysis since the Parato Analysis only gives the significant problems according to the information gained from unskilled person on the certain issue such as from customers, clients, suppliers and other parties. APPENDIX

Environmental Scanning Techniques Essays

Environmental Scanning Techniques Essays Environmental Scanning Techniques Paper Environmental Scanning Techniques Paper These factors are explained below: Events are important and specific occurrences taking place in different environmental sectors. Trends are the general tendencies of the courses of action along which events take place. Issues are the current concerns that arise in response to events and trends. Expectations are the demands made by interested groups in the light of their concern for issues. Take the example of the first public issue of shares of Reliance Industries in 1977. That was a specific event. The trend that started was of wider participation of public in equity investment in private sector companies. Note that earlier to that event, equity participation in India was limited to an exclusive class of investors and the general public was not aware or interested in investing money in shares. The issue that emerged was of the development of equity culture in India. The expectations by the general public that resulted was that the fruits of the economic development in the corporate sector would be shared by all and sundry. An allied expectation that ensued was of protection of small or minority shareholders from rapacious private business persons through legislation and governmental action. Environmental influences are a complex amalgam of the events, trends, issues and expectations that continually shape the business environment of an organization. There is some research evidence to suggest that Indian organizations conduct environmental scanning for strategic planning. By monitoring the environment through environmental scanning, an organization can consider the impact of the different events, trends, issues and expectations on its strategic management process. Since the environment facing any organization is complex and scanning it is absolutely essential, strategists have to deal cautiously with the process of environmental scanning. Approaches to Environmental Scanning Sub has suggested three approaches which could be adopted for sorting out information for environmental scanning. We could call these approaches as systematic, ad hoc and processed-form approaches. Systematic Approach: Legend this approach, information for environmental scanning is collected systematically. Information related to markets and customers, changes in legislation and regulations that have a direct impact on an organizations activities, government policy statements pertaining to the organizations business and industry, etc. Could be collected continuously to monitor changes and take the relevant factors into account. Continuously updating such information is necessary not only for strategic management but also for operational activities. Ad hoc Approach: Using this approach, an organization may conduct special surveys and studies to deal with specific environmental issues from time to time. Such studies may be conducted, for instance, when an organization has to undertake special projects, evaluate existing strategies or device new strategies. Changes and unforeseen developments may also be investigates with regard to their impact on the organization. Processed-form Approach: For adopting this approach, the organization sees information in a processed form, available from different sources both inside and outside the organization. When an organization uses information supplied by government agencies or private institutions, it uses secondary sources of data and the information is available in a processes form. Since environmental scan inning is absolutely necessary for strategy formulation, organizations use different practical combinations or approaches to monitor their relevant environments. These approaches may range from an informal assessment of the environmental factors to a highly systematic and formal procedure. Informal assessment may be adopted as a reactive measure to a crisis and ad hoc studies may be undertaken occasionally. A highly systematic and formal procedure may be used as a proactive measure in anticipation of changes in environmental factors and structured data collection and processing system may be used continuously. Methods and Techniques Used for Environmental Scanning The range of methods and techniques available for environmental scanning is wide. There are formal and systematic techniques as well as intuitive methods available. Strategists may choose from among these methods and cuisines, those which suit their needs in terms of the quantity, quality, availability, timeliness, relevance and cost of environmental information. Various authors have mentioned the methods and techniques used for environmental scanning. Label and Crasser outline nine groups of techniques: single-variable extrapolation, theoretical limit envelopes, dynamic modes, mapping, multivariate interaction analysis, unstructured expert opinion, structured expert opinion, structured inexpert opinion and unstructured inexpert speculation. Fay, King and Maryanne have included ten techniques in their survey of environmental scanning and forecasting in strategic planning. These are: scenario-writing, simulation, morphological analysis, PBS, game theory, cross-impact analysis, field anomaly-relation, multimillion coordination and other forecasting techniques. TOP ( Environmental Threat and Opportunity Profile) There are many techniques available to structure the environmental appraisal. One such technique, suggested by Cluck, is that of preparing an environmental threat and opportunity profile (TOP) for an organization. The preparation of an TOP involves dividing the environment into different sectors and then analyzing the impact of each sector on the organization. A comprehensive TOP requires subdividing each environmental sector into cofactors and then the impact of each subtracts on the organization is described in the form of the statement. A summary TOP may only show the major factors for the sake of simplicity. The preparation of TOP provides a clear picture to the strategies about which sectors and the different factors in each sector, have a favorable impact on the organization. By the means of an TOP, the organization knows where it stands with respect to its environment. Obviously, such an understanding can be of a great help to an organization in formulating appropriate strategies to take advantage of the opportunities and counter the threats in its environment. Opportunities are the situations in which the firm can improve its strategic position. The first Step in the planning process is to be aware Of opportunities. For small businesses, environmental scanning through which the firm can effectively determine its core competencies and opportunities acts as a major factor in the realization of strategic management for the firm. Suppose our hypothetical firm is operating in a hi-tech industry. Any technological change in the industry which can generate new sales, opportunities or potential customers could be considered as an opportunity. If a firm is involved in either long or medium run planning, they have to have clear vision of the future and potential opportunities available. It is difficult to prepare an effective business plan without considering the opportunities. Therefore, small businesses usually succeed or fail based on how accurately they can identify the opportunity and benefit from these advantages. Since in the competitive environment the needs of the customer are changing, the rims need to analyze the environment as often as possible. While as, Threats are the main obstacles and issues in the external environment of the organization. Any changes in the external environment of the Seems that have the potential to disrupt the firms wellbeing could be considered as threats. For example, we recently witnessed rapid changes in technology and, as a result, in the business environment. Should the SEEM not be capable of adapting to these technological changes it will not be able to survive. In this case the changes in technology could be considered as a threat to the firm. For Seems the environment is littered with threats to their survival.

Tips Writing a Research Paper on Bullying

Tips Writing a Research Paper on Bullying Tips: Writing a Research Paper on Bullying Freshmen and students in their first year in high school often fall prey to bullies. Reports obtained from educational institutions indicate that bullying persists even in the modern era. It is not known why people bully others, but it can be concluded that a bully is likely to have an underlying psychological condition that triggers the bullying behavior. On a different perspective, bullying is not only rampant in schools, but has also been reported in family settings. This is mainly witnessed in families where the income is so meager that it cannot support the children that comprise that family. Bullying in families takes a mild form. For example, the eldest sibling taking care of the younger ones might serve himself bigger food portions, leaving the rest to share some insufficient quantity. In the same manner, bullying within the family might be seen where the elder siblings force younger ones to wash their clothes for them, clean their rooms, and run errands for them. All this time, the parents might not be aware that such things are happening. From these examples, it can be gathered that writing a research paper on bullying can be fascinating. Nevertheless, as is common with a fascinating research topic, it is possible to drift out of the point and write an irrelevant essay. Therefore, a number of handy tips that guide and control the writing of a research paper exist. Tip number one involves the definition of key terms. The writer must not assume that every reader knows what bullying is. It is always good to begin any essay with a definition of the topic and the key words that will feature prominently in that essay. Examples of key words that a writer must try to include in an essay on bullying are coercion, threat, and victim among many others. The definition of key phrases and words will be followed by a synopsis about the pervasiveness of bullying in social settings. In this section, the writer will give a statistical background into the major forms of bullying in schools and families, as well as in other social settings where the trend has been observed. After this, the reader will select one situation where bullying has been observed to be notorious. A critical exposition of the situation will be given. This will call for profound information concerning the factors that trigger bullying, and the responses that have been implemented with respect to the behavior. The research paper is not complete if the writer fails to take in the documented effects that have resulted from acts of bullying. Similarly, the writer must outline the positive results that have been generated by the said responses, if there are any. As with any other paper, it is good to conclude the essay with a set of suggested actions the writer feels would aid in deterring bullies. An obvious but imperative tip is to proofread your paper to ascertain that there are no grammatical or typing errors. research paper writing service will provide you with a high-quality customized research project on Bullying topics and ideas. Just fill in the order form with your details.

Ethical Issues of Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical Issues of Information Technology - Essay Example Computers are special technology that raises special ethical issues (Moor, 1991) and that such issues and problems are unique to the field. They would not have been issues had it not been for the technology itself (Maner, 1996). Ethical issues of information technology are called many names like computer ethics, information ethics, and cyberethics. In the whole of information systems management, whatever its name, the new technology radically reshapes life styles, at the same time creates challenges in the areas of privacy, property, security and individual identity (Information systems, 2007). The following discussion covers issues in consumer or online privacy, copyright, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, legal jurisdiction, and online contracting that manifest in the field of information technology. The details come in the form of definitions and philosophical reflections or historical events elucidating the issue. The paper then ends with a note on probabilities for the future. Computer and information technology may be used interchangeably throughout the paper and may mean the same. The Ethical Issues Online Privacy. The cheap, fast, painless encryption technology provided by the computer has transformed the privacy debate completely. While before, people worried about the wearing away of privacy, the concern now is about the computer-generated privacy "afforded to every criminal with a computer and half a brain." (Maner, 1996). Electronic mail has replaced telephone and inter-office mail communications as the principal medium of business communications and this has made work easier. Throughout it all, however, suddenly, one's email address has become known to merchandisers and one begins receiving a lot of unsolicited email daily about products being advertised. Identity theft generally involves obtaining data from individual consumers' financial transactions on the Internet or elsewhere, and either billing the consumers' credit cards for nonexistent transactions or services, or using consumers' personal data to conduct actual transactions that are billed to the consumers(Internet Fraud, 2000). Identity theft is an Internet fraud. There is a need for email privacy in the workplace and the blocking of bulk E-mail solicitations called "SPAM." How had the address been known to others The sale of personal information, or its use by a successor, according to Zaharoff (2001) may constitute "unfair or deceptive" act even if it is not a breach of contract. The Computer-Processed Personal Data Protection Act was passed in 1995, governing official agency as well as non-official agency (Yang & Chang, 2007). At present, however, the only eight categories of non-official agency governed by it are credit information, hospital, school, telecommunications, financing and banking, securities, insurance and mass communications (Yang & Chang, 2007). This means these agencies having to do with these concerns must apply

Strategic Technology Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Technology Planning - Research Paper Example This is after American Express created a custom customer service Facebook page. From the page, cardholders can conveniently ask about services offered and also make their complaints. The research analyzed online platforms used by major and minor companies in handling online marketing. The content conveyed in these platforms was also analyzed to determine whether they had any aspects of marketing or were just general information. According to Grant (2014) internet marketing is a tool that can be used to elevate a company within hours if well used. The world is actively talking online. The results indicated that the social media is the main platform used by companies to carry out online marketing. This paper research also discusses the use of Apps for smartphones, tablets, pads and other telecommunication gadgets. In as much as people are using the internet, attracting them to your platform is very essential. Marketing would only make sense if the target clientele is able to receive your message. The recommendations from this research are that companies need to diversify their online marketing and use other platforms like emails and blogs. Companies also need establish internet marketing departments and adequately fund them in order to facilitate their activities. Marketing is a very dynamic aspect in any business. Every day, new strategies are developed and implemented to ensure companies are active in the competitive market. Companies have been forced to allocate majority of their budget into marketing than any other area. Millions have been invested into marketing. This is necessary for any company that wants to make profits (FK Publications, 2013). According to (Taube, 2014) in 2013, the top 100 biggest advertisers in the US used a staggering $109Billion in marketing. Traditional modes of marketing are slowly being replaced by new and advanced modes. The main driving force behind this is the internet. With internet, one is connected to the